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Energy driven piles in Australia: Design and construction lessons from a trial at Fishermans Bend
About 50% of the energy bill of buildings arises from space heating and cooling (air conditioning). The associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the sector account for between 14% and 25% (or higher, particularly overseas) of the total emissions. Geotechnical engineering designers and contractors have an opportunity to contribute to a more sustainable future. Shallow geothermal technology for efficient heating and cooling represents one such opportunity. Through a partnership between Wagstaff Pilling and The University of Melbourne, the design and construction of the first energy driven piles in Australia was undertaken in 2019, with the last field thermal performance testing completed in January 2020. These energy piles can be connected to a geothermal system.
This paper discusses the construction and installation of this small-scale field trial at Fishermans Bend (Victoria), comprising three different energy driven pile configurations. An investigation into the thermo-mechanical efficiency of driven energy piles to evaluate their capacity to provide heating and cooling for buildings is undertaken. Peer-reviewed literature already exists discussing shallow geothermal energy systems and bored energy piles. However, there is a significant gap in the literature considering driven energy piles specifically, and no public guidance about construction; thus, we aim to start redressing these issues herein. Experimental data collected by running Thermal Response Tests (TRTs) on selected energy driven piles at Fishermans Bend are presented. The information collected from the fieldwork will be used to validate detailed Finite Element Method (FEM) models and to optimise construction, minimising costs and to demonstrate none or minimal program delays.
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Development on soft clays in Port Hedland
Iron ore developments have taken place in Port Hedland over the past 45 years and these developments were initially located on competent ground at Nelson Point (BHPB North Yard) and Finucane Island (Goldsworthy). The large ground pressures imposed by the iron ore stockpiles in the past have resulted in settlements that could be readily managed in the design of stackers and reclaimers.
However, as the competent ground has been developed, the peripheral “tidal” areas became the focus of development. Initial development is generally focussed on gaining access to these tidal areas by construction of embankments / containment bunds. Large scale reclamation is then achieved using dredged spoil from various harbour developments. These “tidal” areas contain soft clays or “muds” which when loaded, initially by construction equipment, then by bunds and dredged fill and finally by heavily loaded iron ore stockpiles, have the potential to cause stability failures / excessive settlements resulting in time delays, trafficability problems for equipment and ultimately damage to infrastructure such as stackers and reclaimers.
This paper presents a preliminary design approach and construction methodology that incorporates various aspects of ground improvement techniques to achieve access for conventional construction equipment in the development of these peripheral “tidal” areas.
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Effects of size, humidity and time in crushable granular materials
Assistant Professor Carlos Ovalle
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Field monitoring of expansive soil behaviour in the Newcastle-Hunter Region
As part of a long term research project on the behaviour of expansive soils, twenty open-ground field sites which cover a range of soil, geological and geographic conditions were set up in the Newcastle-Hunter region. The sites were selected to provide detailed information on the distribution and nature of expansive soils and soil behaviours in the region. Seasonal ground movements, at various levels relative to the ground surface, were measured to a precision of 0.1 mm on a regular basis. In situ soil moisture content variation profiles were monitored by a neutron probe. This paper presents the results of the field monitoring over periods of up to 7 years. The site selection, instrumentation and laboratory testing results are discussed. A comparison of predicted design ground movement based on the method of AS2870 with the measured movements is also presented.
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Geotechnical Challenges for Development in the Hunter Region (Part 1)
The Newcastle Chapter of the Australian Geomechanics Society has taken over most of the next two issues of the Journal which are dedicated to the papers that are to be presented at a mini-symposium with the above title.
The topics covered are a development and expansion of the 1995 Publication “Engineering Geology of the Newcastle Gosford Region” and the 1998 Publication “Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology in the Hunter Valley”.
Since those publications the Hunter Region has seen significant changes and development of infrastructure and residential facilities. The closure of the Newcastle Steelworks now appears a minor blip in the life of Newcastle, opening up new opportunities for growth and development of the Hunter Region. The ever expanding extraction of coal has led to Newcastle becoming the largest coal port in the world.
It would appear that the northern side of the Hunter Valley has been largely ignored due to the emphasis on the extractive industries in the Sydney basin. The first paper addresses this imbalance by including an insight into the Engineering Geology of the Southern New England Fold Belt. A paper on the Karuah Bypass project that is located in SNEFB complements this overview paper.
The University of Newcastle’s collection of local data supplemented by data gathered by the NEWSYD testing facility allowed a better understanding of the Quaternary Sediments in the Newcastle Region.
Perhaps the biggest change in recent years has been associated with the continued movement of people to the coast and discovery that Newcastle is a very desirable place to live. This has placed added pressure for more intense development of marginal land particularly that affected by coal mining. Much of the City of Newcastle and surrounding regions are underlain by abandoned underground coal mine workings some dating back over 200 years to convict times. The continued stability of these workings imposes considerable constraints on surface development particularly for high rise development in Charlestown and Newcastle.
Several papers explore the various facets associated with constraints on development and many projects have overcome such constraints including such projects as the West Charlestown Bypass.
Coastal erosion has attracted public attention with boulders and rock falls affecting several prominent areas. The research associated with reactive soils has continued in association with the University of Newcastle.
The organising committee acknowledges the contributions made by the authors and the significant efforts that have been made to cover the topics of most interest to the profession.
Thanks are extended to the peer reviewers and to all the members of the organising committee particularly Chris Bozinovski and Steven Fityus who carried the lion’s share of the work.
On behalf of the AGS we would also like to thank the Principal Sponsor – Keller Ground Engineering Pty Ltd for their support of the symposium.
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Slope instability – Managing the risk A regulator’s perspective
The Wollongong City Local Government Area has records of slope instability dating back to early settlement. Following very rapid growth of the city in the post war years there was little good developable land left and marginal land became progressively more attractive to developers. In 1974 and 1975 periods of prolonged as well as very intense rainfall resulted in extensive hillside instability. Many houses were lost and litigation followed. As consent authority and without clear guidelines on the development of hillside land Council fared poorly in court.
In response, Council quickly sought and received legal advice with respect to what it needed to do to fulfil its legal responsibilities and duties as the consent authority. The legal advice made it very clear that Council is exposed to actionable negligence where it fails to consider whether the land to be developed has potential slope instability. The legal advice also stated that Council may seek a review by its engineers of the basic facts of the submitted geotechnical information and to set appropriate geotechnical conditions to be applied to the development. On this basis Council is entitled to rely on the submitted geotechnical information and any claim would be unlikely to succeed. It is pointed out that in undertaking this review Council does not have a responsibility to provide professional advice but at the same time must avoid being negligent. The success of Wollongong City Council’s geotechnical review process has been demonstrated by Council’s minimal legal costs on geotechnical aspects of development since the 1970s.
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Embedded Retaining Walls – Streamlining Design Guidance
The behaviour of an embedded retaining wall is dependent on the stiffness, and ultimately strength, of the soil and the structure. Geotechnical and structural engineering skills are required to design the wall efficiently. Current design codes do not present a consistent approach to the design of embedded walls to accommodate this soil-structure interaction and interpretation of design requirements can vary between designers. Areas of difference between the current codes, and the relationship between the codes and current practice, will be explored. Particular emphasis will be placed on the opportunity to accommodate Australian design issues within the current re-drafting of the CIRIA C580 report “Embedded retaining walls – guidance for economic design” with a view to increasing the relevance of this document to our retaining wall designs.
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Numerical modelling of ground temperatute evolution as a result of underground coal fire
Coal occurs in underground seams of variable thickness and depth and in numerous cases they are known to be on fire. These fires can result from human activity or occur naturally. Underground coal fires are problematic for many reasons, including mine safety, damage to infrastructure due to combustion-induced subsidence (e.g. Centralia, Pennsylvania, USA) and damage to the natural environment.
Understanding and predicting the temperature evolution in the ground is a key aspect when trying to extinguish underground coal fire. A site in New South Wales, Australia, where an underground coal fire has been active for many years (at a depth of around 30 m) has been the subject of an experimental and numerical study. In this paper, by taking Burning Mountain as an example, the general formation and development of underground coal fires and their associated physical-chemical coupled processes have been analysed and described. Then, a reactive model for coal spontaneous combustion has been implemented in a non-linear finite element code capable of simulating thermal-hydraulicmechanical behaviours of geomaterials. By incorporating the reactive model with heat transport, a thermal-chemical (TC) simulation has been conducted on an artificial simple set-up. The preliminary results show that the TC model is capable of reproducing the propagation of the coal fire front with accompanying reasonable temperature evolution. The next step of model development is to couple the TC model with gas mass transport in the fractured overlying rocks. Furthermore, mechanical deformation will be taken into account for predicting the subsidence experienced by the overburden soil after passage of the burning front and the resulting collapse.