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TBM Design And Tunnelling Experiences With A Large Diameter TBM Operation For The Waterview Connection Tunnels In Auckland
The Waterview Connection Project is one of the largest infrastructure developments in New Zealand that was put in place. Twin tube road tunnels of 2.4 km in length were built using a very large diameter TBM. The tunnels impact a large number of existing buildings and utilities as they pass beneath residential property and public reserve. They also cross beneath the North Auckland Railway branch. Accordingly, exercising ground control to minimize settlements and adverse impacts to the community were of paramount importance. The tunnel project was built under high safety standards in urban area with shallow cover. The paper focuses on the TBM design and tunnelling aspects with experiences in large diameter TBM operation for the twin tube bores from the perspective of the machine manufacturer.
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Seismic characteristics of the sediments of the Perth Basin
In October/November of 2001, a team from Geoscience Australia (G.A) observed natural background microtremors at over 3000 sites in the Perth Metropolitan Area (PMA). The paper discusses the reasons and the background behind this investigation, the methodology used and its limitations, the problems encountered, the results to date, as well as the recommendations for follow-up work. This work was funded and carried out under the auspices of The Cities Project of the Urban Geoscience Division of G.A.
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Predicting the load-displacement response of a mobile jack-up drilling rig on sand
Before a mobile jack-up drilling rig is approved to be deployed at an offshore location, a site specific assessment is required to be carried out to show the rig’s capacity to withstand the design storm conditions. The wind, waves and current acting on the structure in addition to its self-weight result in complex loading applied to the foundations, which must be properly understood if the behaviour of the structure is to be correctly predicted. This paper discusses the foundation loads and benchmarks predictive models currently available. Jack-up load paths (up to ultimate failure) were obtained from experiments on a scaled model rig carried out in the beam centrifuge facility at the University of Western Australia. Compared to the experimental measurements, it is shown that the current guidelines SNAME (2002) are excessively conservative in predicting failure of the jack-up. Numerical modelling with the currently available models, however, achieved a good prediction of the experimental response, both in terms of ultimate failure and stiffness under working loads. Instead of running computationally expensive finite element analyses with the soil being modelled using continuum elements, the footing-soil interaction in the numerical analyses presented here is encapsulated into a point element, which is attached to the bottom nodes of the structural model. Numerical predictions of the experimentally measured response is shown for different loading directions of the jack-up, illustrating the implications of the footing load paths for the overall response of a jack-up to failure. The results show the ability of existing models to predict the load-displacement behaviour of jack-up foundations and their importance in predicting the overall response of the system.
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Discussion on paper: Unsaturated Free-Standing Mainline Railway Embankments Part 2: An Example of Handling the Awkward Truth
The Coroner found that the landslip in an embankment on the Alpine Way at Thredbo, which killed all in its way bar Stuart Diver, was caused by ingress of water into a partially saturated fill, from a pipeline which had opened at a joint.
Specifically the Coroner stated:“A mass of evidence was led before me which established clearly that … the Alpine way fill embankment which ran for approximately 1.3km above Thredbo Village was in a marginally stable state and extremely vulnerable to collapse if saturated by water.
The landslide was triggered when water from the leaking watermain saturated the south-west corner of the landslide in the fill embankment of the Alpine Way setting off the first stage of the landslide. It was a wonderful piece of field mapping by Tim Sullivan that demonstrated beyond doubt that there were two successive parts to the landslide. The first stage impacted upon the eastern wing of Carinya Lodge. Simultaneously the first stage removed the support of land to its east causing that, too, to collapse onto the lodge below.”My roles in supporting Tim Sullivan’s factual reports to the Coroner were to determine the shear strength properties of the decomposed granite which comprised the fill and undertaking stability analyses to mimic the two stage failure. This work made it clear that the:
- Effective stress shear strength parameters were a cohesion of zero and a friction angle which varied with density, and hence depth in the fill, and
- The factors which had prevented slip failures in the embankment over a period of about 40 years were negative pore pressures (suction) in the partly saturated fill, and the reinforcing effect of tree roots.
These are exactly the valid factors invoked by Leventhal and Hull in their assessment of the stability of the NSW Mainline railway embankments. The ‘marginally stable state’ referred to by the Thredbo Coroner. The instability at Thredbo was not because the leakage from the watermain saturated the embankment, it was because leakage caused decrease in soil suction which meant loss of shear strength to the point that the first slide occurred from the south-west corner, diagonally across the slope.
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An Advanced Web-Based Management System for Instrumentation and Monitoring Data
EIC GeoView is an advanced web-based management system for instrumentation and monitoring data that has been developed by EIC Activities, a member of CIMIC Group, for sole use on the Group’s construction projects providing valuable competitive advantage. The System automates the processing of raw data and delivers graphical outputs of the information via an online portal. This system has the capacity to collate information from innumerable sources, then process and store the information via a cloud server. This paper presents how EIC GeoView has been used on three major projects in Australia to collate and process monitoring data to assess the performance and management of built structures. On the Torrens Road to River Torrens Project in South Australia, EIC GeoView was used to manage large quantities of movement data collected along a 3km long soil nail wall designed using unsaturated soil mechanics principles. Use of EIC GeoView allowed large volumes of data to be accurately delegated and processed with ease and minimal human effort. On Sydney Metro Northwest TSC, EIC GeoView was used to collate and process real-time rail track movements and ground surface deformation of existing structures relative to the progress of the underground tunnel, presenting the construction team with the ability to assess the impact of tunnel construction with up-to-the-minute accuracy. On the Frederickton to Eungai Pacific Highway Upgrade project, a considerable portion of the alignment involved construction upon soft soils. The grouping functionality in EIC GeoView was used to cluster different instrument readings on a single output, allowing engineers to observe and compare between linked phenomena, such as piezometer records, fill height, horizontal profile gauges and ground settlements from plate readings, all at the same time.
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Recent Advances In The Geotechnical Design Of Deep Basements In Melbourne
This paper presents a summary of the authors’ recent experience and involvement in the design and performance monitoring of several deep basements constructed in Melbourne. Advanced methods of design and analysis of basement retention which provide a better understanding and allow refinements to the more traditional methods of basement retaining wall design are outlined. The results of monitoring of some basement support walls are presented. Recommendations for geotechnical investigation and design of deep basements are presented and some problems that have been encountered in recently constructed basements are outlined.