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Satellite Based Ground Deformation Monitoring
Eric Audigé
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Deep soil mixing for Whiteman Bridge, Reid Highway Extension, Middle Swan, Perth
The Reid Highway Extension project from West Swan Road to Great Northern Highway in Perth, Australia was completed in February 2010. The project includes a new bridge over the Swan River, named the Whiteman Bridge, and associated bridge approach embankments of about 8 m height. The approach embankments are underlain by a relatively weak and compressible silty clay/clayey silt zone of up to 4 m thickness. This stratum was predicted to undergo relatively large time-dependent settlements unless ground improvement was carried out. To alleviate the effect of relatively large time-dependent differential settlements between the bridge abutment and bridge approach embankment, Deep Soil Mixing (DSM) ground improvement was carried out below the approach embankments and abutments, combined with surcharge preloading of the approach embankments. This ground treatment enabled the abutments to be supported on shallow spread footings.
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Geotextiles In Specialist Marine Applications: An Australia Perspective Over 32 Years
Geotextiles were first applied into civil construction projects in the 1960s in the USA and Europe in drainage and separation applications for road construction. The technology rapidly developed from that point onwards with the First International Conference on Geotextiles held in Paris in 1977. Due to the need for greater knowledge and understanding of the material, the International Geosynthetics Society (IGS) founded in 1982 has subsequently organized a worldwide conference every four years and its numerous chapters have additional conferences.
The use of geotextiles has now grown to such an extent that virtually every civil construction project undertaken includes a geosynthetic of some description. The marine and coastal environment is an extremely harsh environment to use what is a relatively thin light weight material, where the geotextile will be subjected to abrasion from armour rock and marine sediment, large dynamic flow conditions from both tidal action and wave impact. As such, geotextiles used in coastal and marine must be able to withstand conditions which are far more aggressive than the original road construction applications.
This paper highlights four significant coastal/marine projects which have contributed to development and understanding of use of geotextiles in the coastal and marine environment in Australia over the past 32 years
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Geotextile specification – a buyer’s warning
Significant problems associated with a project in Australia have highlighted a problem with accepting geotextile supplier’s typical specification sheets as a true indication of the material supplied to site. The designer specified typical values presented on supplier A’s specification sheet, however the contractor purchased an “equivalent” product from supplier B (based on the “typical values” shown on their datasheet).
When the product supplied to site was tested by an independent laboratory the results obtained were significantly lower than the project specification and supplier B’s published data. A comparison of the specification, published data and test results is presented in the table below.
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Factors affecting assessment and back-analysis by piezometer monitoring
Prefabricated vertical drains with preloading option are the most widely-used ground improvement method for the improvement of marine clays in land reclamation projects. The assessment of the degree of consolidation of the marine clay is of paramount importance prior to the removal of preload in such ground improvement projects. This analysis can be carried out by means of piezometer monitoring. Piezometer monitoring data can be analysed to obtain the degree of consolidation of the improved marine clay. Back-analysis of the piezometer data will also enable the coefficient of consolidation due to horizontal flow to be estimated. Factors that affect the analysis of piezometers include period of assessment, hydrogeologic boundary condition, settlement of piezometer tip and reduction of initial imposed load due to submergence effect. The aim of this paper is to highlight the significance and impact of the various factors that affect assessment by the piezometer monitoring method.
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Geotechnical borehole database for the Perth CBD
A database of geotechnical boreholes drilled in the Central Business District of Perth has been compiled. The database includes 649 boreholes drilled up until 1978. The information is available free of charge in electronic format from the Western Australian Engineers Australia web page.
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High-speed Railway Geotechnical Problems
Distinguished Professor Daichao Sheng