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On the relationship between CPT sleeve-friction and snow density
Snow density profiles are usually determined gravimetrically; only recently have additional tools, such as the neutron probe allowed in situ assessment. However, rapid high-resolution in situ assessment of snow density is still not possible. Data from Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) in polar snow was compared both qualitatively and quantitatively with snow density data in order to examine relationships between CPT sleeve friction and density. A statistically significant relationship exists between snow density and depth-adjusted CPT sleeve-friction. Use of cone penetration test sleevefriction data enables in situ density estimation to depths of up to 10 m in polar snow.
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Optimisation of temporary support design for the Northern portal cut & cover tunnel
The West Gate Tunnel Project is a city-shaping project that will deliver a vital alternative to the West Gate Bridge, provide quicker and safer journeys, and remove thousands of trucks off residential streets. Delivery of the WGTP project is currently underway by a joint venture of CPB Contractors and John Holland Group. Northern Portal cut and cover tunnel is one of the major structures on the project which requires excavations to a depth of 22 m to allow the launch of the twin 15.6m diameter Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM). Design of the retention system comprised 900 – 1500 mm diameter secant pile wall supported with multiple levels of temporary steel struts. A detailed Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) analysis together with a review of proposed construction methodology indicated that a two-level propping arrangement as opposed to propping at three levels, which is what would normally be expected for a structure of this scale, would be adequate. The opportunity to remove one level of the proposed steel struts with the potential for a significant reduction in materials and time was considered critical to the completion of this critical path structure. Removal of one level of props would result in a reduction of steel tonnage in excess of 1,000 tons, in addition to improving constructability, productivity and safety. This paper discusses technical aspects of the analysis which enabled the development of the above optimised solution. In addition, the results of the instrumentation and monitoring and performance of the constructed portal structure will be discussed.
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The performance of steel struts in a braced excavation in Perth
A deep and wide braced excavation constructed for the new Esplanade Station in the Perth CBD provided a useful opportunity to assess appropriate parameters for retaining wall design by backanalysis of its performance. The section of the wall under consideration involved a staged excavation adjacent to sheet piles supported by three levels of props at the final excavation depth of ~13 m. Two adjacent sheet piles were strain gauged to allow assessment of the wall’s bending moment, while the lateral soil movements adjacent to the wall were monitored using inclinometers. The struts were also instrumented with strain gauges and the output from these gauges provides the main focus of this paper. The effects of temperature on the inferred strut loads are examined and it is shown that the data recorded during excavation pause periods could only be explained if the operational axial strut stiffness was about a quarter of its theoretical stiffness. Finite Element backanalyses of the measurements obtained during the excavation phases also show that a best fit between measured and predicted strut loads is achieved for a similar operational stiffness. It is concluded that for large braced excavations of this nature, imperfections/curvatures in long struts lead to strut loads that are significantly lower than expected.
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2011 NSW Research Awards
Mohammad Pournaghiazar & Nayoma Tennakoon
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Panel discussion
Piling Practice Design & Construction