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Foreword: West Australian Pavements
Western Australia (WA) is the largest in area of the Australian States and Territories and it occupies about a third of the mainland island/continent. A large proportion of WA is arid or semi-arid with a very low average population density. The majority of the population is located along the coast, around inland mineral resources and in the south west and far north in areas of agricultural production. The large geographical spread, variable near surface geology and the predominantly low rainfall environment has created both opportunity and challenge for builders of roads and airports. The challenge has been to build pavements at a low unit cost so that it is economically feasible to connect towns that are far apart. The low rainfall environment, in combination with favourable geology, has enabled local aggregates and fill materials to be used for pavement construction that would be shunned in many other places.
In this themed edition of the Australian Geomechanics Journal we have looked at several aspects of pavements in Western Australia. We have a paper looking at pavements in the early years of the Swan River colony in the mid-nineteenth century. At the other end of the time scale, we have a paper covering the introduction of warm-mix asphalt and concrete pavements on highways in WA over the last 10 years. The last decade has also seen rapid growth in the number of aerodrome pavements to serve the fly-in fly-out workforce at iron ore and oil and gas industries. Filling in the middle, we have papers on Western Australian practice in the use of natural gravel for pavement construction and local practice in the use of sprayed seal surfacing and asphalt.
The preparation of this themed edition was driven by the West Australian Pavements Group (WAPG), and supported by the WA Chapter of the AGS. This group operates as a subcommittee of Australian Geomechanics Society in WA with membership drawn from Main Roads WA, Consulting Engineers, Contractors, Local Government, ARRB and Universities. It provides a forum where opinions can be freely aired outside the constraints of tender and contracting process. The group was established in 2008 with an exchange of letters between the Chair of the WA chapter of AGS and the Commissioner of Main Roads. The WAPG meets four times a year to share the results of research and for working groups to report on areas that they have been investigating.
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Compensation grouting in Perth CBD and its numerical backanalysis
This paper reports on the ability of compensation grouting to reduce tunnelling induced settlements and investigates potential means of modelling such grouting numerically. The monitored movements of the ‘Walsh building’ during boring of two tunnels in Perth CBD (forming part of the MetroRail City Project) are used to show that compensation grouting (in sand) can greatly reduce movements. The 2D finite element (FE) back analyses indicated that the grouting can be modelled effectively in FE analysis by imposing a volumetric strain to the mass of soil subjected to grouting. Improved understanding of how grouting may be modelled numerically can increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of grouting.
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The hydrogeological significance of fractures within a weathered rock catchment
Worsley Alumina Pty Ltd (Worsley) operates a bauxite refinery on a lease area occupying the upper reaches of the Augustus River catchment in south Western Australia. This paper presents the results of site characterisation investigations to improve the understanding of the hydrogeology of the study area. Investigations concentrate on the southern portion of the site where sufficient drilling and monitoring data are available to assess the hydrogeology.
Investigations have highlighted the presence of both porous media aquifers within the weathered profile and fractured rock aquifers within the basement rocks. A combination of barometric efficiency measurements and detailed groundwater level measurements has highlighted a strong connection between these aquifers. This connection is thought to be due to the presence of fractured quartz veins found along the margins of dolerite dykes. The results of this investigation have shown that fractures are an important component of the hydrogeology of the Augustus River catchment, which is an example of a weathered rock catchment.
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Monitoring Of Earth And Rock Dams
The Electricity Commission of New South Wales owns and operates eleven dams. The purpose and some salient details of these structures and the instruments installed to monitor performance are given in Table 1A and 1B.
It is standard Commission practice for the dam designers to be responsible for obtaining and interpreting performance data during the construction and contract maintenance periods. At the end of the maintenance periods, responsibility for this work is transferred to the Power Development Division and it is this phase of the work which is covered in this paper.
Each dam is inspected at least once a year and a formal inspection report prepared. Depending upon conditions of the structures and their past performances, additional inspections are made at more frequent intervals of those features of a dam which may be causing concern.
With the exception of Tallawarra No. 1 Ash Dam, Wangi Ash Dam and Ulan Water Supply Dam, each dam has been instrumented to some extent with ground water level observation pipes, piezometers, settlement cross arm installations, as well as survey monuments to observe horizontal and vertical movements and weirs to measure seepage rates. The numbers and types of instruments installed have been determined having regard for the size, importance and condition of the structure, and to some extent the consequences of failure.
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Lime Cement Mixing (LCM) – Applications of the Scandinavian method
Since the introduction of the Scandinavian Lime/Cement Column Method of Soil Mixing (LCM) in the late sixties and early seventies, applications have experienced a major increase. Experience from different applications in Scandinavia and the United Kingdom is presented in this paper. Considered case histories refer to ground improvement, foundation support for light buildings, support for temporary sheet pile walls, permanent application to reduce the active earth pressure behind a mass gravity wall and support for deep excavations. The applications demonstrate the flexibility of the LCM method, which can be applied as a competitive solution to a number of different geotechnical challenges.
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The Effects Of Mixing And Compaction On Volumetric Properties Of An Asphalt Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregates
Recycled concrete aggregates are produced by recycling demolished concrete elements. They contain relatively weak cement mortar attached on to aggregate particles which tends to break and separate from aggregate particles during mechanical mixing, vibration or compaction of cement or asphalt concrete. This was studied for an asphalt concrete containing recycled concrete aggregates and it was found that the change in particle size distribution during mixing and compaction was significant compared to that of a fresh aggregate sample. This had a considerable effect on the volumetric properties determined for an asphalt concrete sample.