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Soil failure mechanisms associated with spudcan foundations on clay
In soft offshore deposit sites, the spudcan foundation used in jack-up rigs can penetrate up to 2- 3 times its diameter. The bearing behaviour of spudcans is directly related to the soil failure mechanism during penetration, hence the understanding of the soil failure mechanisms is important. In this study, a novel method has been developed in a drum centrifuge to examine the progressive soil failure mechanism during continuous spudcan penetration. This technique involves a model half-spudcan, a strong box with a transparent window and subsequent Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) analysis to display the soil flows associated with spudcan penetration. A camera was also fixed above the spudcan to show the plan view of soil deformation. Two soil conditions were examined: (a) normally consolidated clay where strength increases linearly with depth and (b) clay with uniform or constant strength with depth. From this study, it was found that three distinctive soil failure mechanisms can be identified for the uniform clay: (i) surface failure; (ii) soil back flow; (iii) deep failure. The cavity formed during the initial penetration remained open until soil back flow occurred. There was no cavity formed when spudcan penetrated into normally consolidated clay. The lateral extent of soil deformation was 1.8 times the spudcan diameter in both uniform and normally consolidated clay.
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An Assessment Of Alternative Configurations For DCM Column-Supported Embankments To Prevent Excessive Deformations
T-shaped Deep Cement Mixed (DCM) columns are recently proposed as an alternative for conventional DCM columns with large area replacement ratios (ARR) over the entire depth. They alleviate the requirement of a Load Transfer Platform (LTP) used in conventional DCM column supported embankments to reduce the differential settlements and have the capacity to reduce the ARR significantly compared to conventional DCM columns. T-shaped DCM columns also improve the consolidation performance and reduce overall deformations, compared to embankments with conventional DCM columns. Therefore T-shaped columns are gaining popularity as an efficient alternative for conventional DCM columns in embankment construction. However, the performance of T-shaped DCM column-supported embankments has not been investigated in detail. Hence, in this study, the suitability of T-shaped DCM columns, geosynthetic layers and DCM column walls underneath side slopes of highway embankments in reducing deformations was investigated. The performance of different geosynthetic reinforcement configurations was compared in terms of column efficacy, consolidation performance and deformations in the ground. Although DCM column walls are generally considered as efficient in reducing lateral deformations, results show that T-shaped DCM columns are the most efficient in reducing both lateral deformations and settlements. Also, the results show that geosynthetic reinforcement is efficient only when used with conventional DCM columns with uniform cross sections but not with T-shaped DCM columns.
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Consolidation And Creep Of Soft Estuarine Clay In Newcastle
Soil mixing and other intrusive ground improvement techniques are often go-to solutions for problematic soft soils. However, it is very much worthwhile to undertake detailed project specific studies and use advanced constitutive soil models to demonstrate that expensive ground improvement techniques are not always required. This paper looks at a case study where the Soft Soil Creep model was used in Plaxis to simulate the soft Estuarine Clay found at Kooragang Island, Newcastle and proves that deep soil mixing is not necessary for a rail embankment design. A review of field/laboratory tests and back analysis of field monitoring data from a trial embankment were undertaken to derive design parameters of the Estuarine Clay and understand its consolidation and creep behaviour. Site history and aging of the Estuarine Clay were then modelled using Soft Soil Creep model in Plaxis, which allows calibration of the stress state conditions at present time with field conditions. The calculated soil strength profile and past ground movements were able to be correlated with available data including cone penetration tests, shear vanes, inclinometer and extensometer readings. Predictions from the Soft Soil Creep model demonstrate a more sensible representation of current site conditions compared with using basic soil models. This realistic design approach assures confident in optimising the rail embankment design, which brings massive savings on construction costs from eliminating the need for deep soil mixing. The use of an appropriate advanced constitutive soil model, combined with a rigorous study of site specific data, has proven to reduce conservatism in design and increase the substantially benefit of real projects.
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Controlling Horizontal Displacement Of Reinforced Soil Wall Constructed Over Stone Column Treated Ground
In recent years, stone columns have been increasingly used to support reinforced soil wall structures when they are constructed on soft foundations. Whilst the installation of stone columns have been considered as an economic solution to increase bearing capacity, reduce settlement and enhance global stability of the reinforced soil walls, they are less effective in limiting the horizontal displacement since stone columns are geotechnical elements without significant bending stiffness. This paper presents a design solution using a dead-man anchor to control the horizontal displacement of the reinforced soil wall (RSW). It is shown that when a dead-man anchor is adopted to tie back the ground beam of the RSW into the retained embankment fill, the horizontal displacement of the RSW facing can be substantially reduced to a tolerable design level. Moreover, the RSW and the anchored ground beam can be considered as a single soil reinforcement unit. The minimum embedment of this unit as required for scour or future trenching can be achieved by embedding the ground beam to below the ground surface without excavating the entire reinforced soil block area. This is particularly advantageous from the construction point of view as soil excavation within stone column treated soft ground may be subject to various constraints including the damages of the stone columns and the disposal of the excavated soft soil. Finally a case study is described where an RSW in conjunction with a dead man anchor were constructed over soft ground treated by stone columns. Comparisons between construction monitoring results and design predictions are provided.
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2021 Annual General Meeting and Chair’s Address
Soft-Rigid Granular Geomaterials: From Research to Commercialization
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51st Rankine Lecture – Geotechnical Stability Analysis
Professor Scott W Sloan, University of Newcastle