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Risk Management for Onkaparinga Coastal Cliffs
Dr Matthew Duthy
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Large earthquake recurrence in the Sprigg Orogen, South Australia and implications for earthquake hazard assessment
The Australian continent is actively deforming at a range of scales in response to far-field stresses associated with plate margins, and buoyancy forces associated with mantle dynamics. On the smallest scale (several 10’s of km), fault-related deformation associated with far-field stress partitioning has modified surface topography at rates of up to approximately 100 m/Myr. This deformation is evidenced in the record of historical earthquakes, and in the pre-historic record in the landscape. Paleoseismological studies indicate that few places in Australia have experienced a maximum magnitude earthquake since European settlement, and that faults in most areas are capable of hosting potentially catastrophic earthquakes with magnitudes in excess of 7.0. South Australia is well represented in terms of its pre-historic earthquake record. Seismogenic faulting in the last 5-10 million years is thought to be responsible for generating more than 30-50% of the contemporary topographic relief separating the highlands of the Flinders and Mt Lofty Ranges from adjacent plains, and perhaps as much as a third of the strain budget of the entire continent is accommodated there. Adelaide itself straddles several faults which are arguably some of Australia’s most active. Decisions relating to the siting and construction of the built environment should therefore be informed with knowledge of the local neotectonics.
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AGS QLD Symposium 2018
Innovative Geotechnical Practice within Major QLD infrastructure projects
Geoff Burns, Clinton Chan, Matthew Dews, Ajith (Diss) Dissanayake, Scott Fidler, Pat Gibbons, Greg Hackney, Jared Lester, Rick Martin, Graham Rose, Tiasha de Silva, Greg Anderson and Amir Shahkolhi
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The design of railway formations for the Sandgate Rail Grade Separation
This paper briefly describes the Sandgate Rail Grade Separation project, north of Newcastle, NSW, which was undertaken to provide uninterrupted flow for coal trains between the Hunter Valley and the Kooragang coal export terminal through a once congested intersection. The paper describes the process of designing rail formations over three different subgrade conditions.
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Use Of Deep Soil Mixing for Excavation Retention And Groundwater Control
Several buildings at St George’s Hospital were damaged as a result of the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. Four new buildings are being constructed, which when completed, must remain operational following a similar seismic event.
Arup provided design services to Hiway Geotechnical, for the use of Deep Soil Mix (DSM) columns below the buildings to mitigate the effects of liquefaction and provide support and groundwater cutoff for a 4m deep basement excavation. With a groundwater table within 1.0m of the ground surface and a ground profile consisting of loose sands which were susceptible to instability and piping, the DSM columns provide an alternative to typical sheet pile solutions.
Based on previous research by Arup, the design also made use of ground improvement effects in the soils between the DSM columns. On-site trials and testing verified the ground improvement, enabling cost savings compared with traditional DSM column layouts and other ground improvement solutions. DSM columns also provided advantages over sheet pile which have installation issues and don’t provide the same level of versatility.
The adoption of DSM enabled several design issues to be addressed with one construction technique, providing construction cost and programme time savings.
This paper presents the main geotechnical challenges for the site, describes how various elements of the DSM columns were designed to address these issues and summarises site observations and performance during construction including observations of wall movement.
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A Geological Approach To Discontinuity Predictions, With Australian Case Examples
Forward determination of ground conditions is important, as geotechnical projects extend to greater depths. Systematic quantitative analysis should be routinely undertaken during rock excavations, to ascertain the defect pattern, although problems of rock inhomogeneity, material uncertainty and the pre-existing stress state make the application of rock mechanics theory difficult. Current systems do not have the capacity to make predictions using realistic geological interpretations. Of prime concern to geotechnical engineers is extrapolation, from exposed zones to inaccessible regions. This is often undertaken by applying geostatistics, assuming a random distribution to establish the relationship between discontinuities. There are problems in this approach, as discontinuities commonly exhibit a geological control. By relating fabric elements the nature of structures, relative timing and the processes involved in rock modification are identified and for each type of geological terrain, a distinct set of discontinuities is apparent. Fuzzy logic is suggested as a means of treating geological complex situations in a mathematical way. Programming of such knowledge based system involves establishing crisp and fuzzy rules, based on local conditions and regional associations, encompassing numerical and linguistic relationships. Through a preliminary literature review a number of relationships are identified. These could be verified at individual locations and a framework constructed. Examples illustrating the geological controls extended on discontinuities at specific Australian sites and the application of fuzzy logic are discussed.
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Near-surface seismic: More than a problem of scale
Dr Rick Miller