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Strength of Mintaro Shale
This paper presents the results from a series of laboratory tests on the Mintaro Shale. The rock type is commonly referred to as slate due to its immature meta-siltstone status. It has been described as “one of the best slates in the world” for architectural purposes since first being quarried in 1858. However, few studies have ever been carried out to investigate its strength characteristics. This paper presents a series of results from uniaxial and triaxial compression tests, point load tests and tensile tests aimed at addressing this issue. The study showed the slate to be of low anisotropy with respect to compressive strength and of high anisotropy with respect to tensile strength. As expected with an anisotropic rock, the compressive strength and the failure modes are strongly dependent on the orientation of the cleavage with respect to the loading direction. A series of empirically derived equations is presented to enable the compressive strength to be determined at various confining pressures and loading orientations with respect to the direction of cleavage.
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Marine geophysical investigations of palaeo-drainage systems in the Hawkesbury River Estuary, New South Wales, Australia
The Hawkesbury River is a key element in a major river system in eastern Australia. The river and its tributaries virtually encircle Sydney’s metropolitan area, extending northward to the Pittwater and Brisbane Water embayments and entering the Tasman Sea at Broken Bay, some 35 km north of Sydney Harbour. Since the 1960’s marine geophysical techniques, principally seismic reflection, supported by land gravity surveys have revealed extensive and deep palaeodrainage systems incising the underlying sedimentary rocks mainly beneath the River and its tributaries. These are masked by considerable thicknesses of recently deposited sandy sediments.
Case studies from three recent infrastructure and research projects, completed near the mouth of the Hawkesbury River system demonstrate the application of marine seismic and gravity technologies in the mapping parts of this palaeodrainage system. These projects are within the maritime zone of the Hawkesbury River. In this zone the Hawkesbury River estuary is a drowned river valley within steeply incised gorges surrounded by dissected plateaus. The terrain is dominated by the sandstone geology with an extensively dissected and generally rugged landscape.
Installation of a wastewater transfer main beneath the Hawkesbury River between the then unsewered Dangar Island and Brooklyn on the mainland was required. This involved a 1400 m long directional bore beneath tidal mud flats and a deep tidal channel. The marine geophysics mapped the bedrock profile, identified a fault and strong seismic reflectors within the bedrock near the centre of the palaeochannel at about 45 m depth. These were interpreted as regions of stress concentration in the Newport Formation created by valley bulging processes following rapid erosion. The geotechnical model inferred from these investigations was applied in the design of the directional drilling operation that was successfully completed in rock. This upgraded sewer system is now in operation and has removed a significant pollution source from the Hawkesbury River.
Upgrading of the electricity supply from Wagstaffe to Booker Bay required installation of an 11kV power cable across Brisbane Water, a distance of 630 m. Previous regional gravity surveys in this area had identified a deep palaeodrainage system beneath the Woy Woy and Ettalong peninsulas. A marine seismic reflection and refraction survey along the proposed crossing confirmed the presence of a palaeochannel margin extending to about 25 m below the seabed. The conduit was subsequently successfully installed by horizontal directional boring up to 30 m below sea bed.
Development of an airborne electromagnetic system for bathymetric mapping and sea-floor characterisation required independent calibration using marine geophysics within Broken Bay. A broad and deep channel representing a high energy palaeo-fluvial drainage system in the Hawkesbury River outreaches was identified. This extended to approximately 80 m depth below river level and was somewhat shallower than indicated by previous studies suggesting that there may be some uncertainty in seismic bedrock depth possibly due to the dense basal sediments. Also in another nearby area a dendritic fluvial pattern extending to approximately 70 m depth was observed. A moderately narrow palaeochannel extending to 90 m depth either side of the Palm Beach tombolo was also clearly identified.
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Australian Geomechanics – State of the Journal
It is my great pleasure and honour to introduce this issue of Australian Geomechanics. Following the resignation of previous Editor Bre-Anne Sainsbury, I offered to take on the Interim Editor role from the June 2023 issue to ensure continuity of the publication. The task duration has extended and based on the work completed to produce the latter three issues of the 2023 calendar year, this brief note presents some basic journal analytics, discusses current challenges facing Australian Geomechanics and aims to encourage the membership to prepare submissions for the benefit of the readership and the wider Australian geomechanics community. The sections about challenges and initiatives include references to discussions and brainstorming exercises held during my time at the AGS National Committee (2013-2019) and input from past Chairs and committee members during that period is acknowledged.
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Unfit 24; A commonly used rock strength multiplier compared to sandstone multipliers used in South-Eastern Queensland and North-Eastern New South Wales
This paper examines the engineering issues relating to the utilisation of a commonly used rock strength multiplier with Sandstone in Southeast Queensland (SEQLD) and Northeast New South Wales (NENSW).
For this paper, rock strength results provided by the Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC) in S-E QLD and N-E NSW are compared to results of other studies made in S-E QLD, in the Handbook of Geotechnical Investigation and Design Tables (Look, 2007).
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State Highway 16 Causeway Upgrade – Motorway Widening Design Over Soft Ground and Post Construction Monitoring Verification
The SH16 Causeway Upgrade Project in Auckland, New Zealand forms part of the overall Western Ring Route Project, an alternative to Auckland’s State Highway 1, linking Manukau, Auckland, Waitakere and the North Shore, improving network resilience, and travel time reliability. The Causeway Upgrade was procured as an alliance due to the complex technical and environmental nature of the project. The project route is constructed over soft marine sediments. The Causeway Alliance team compared ground improvement alternatives during the tender and design phases and selected, designed and constructed an innovative wick drain with preload option. Monitoring of a New Zealand Transport Agency (NZTA) trial embankment was also carried out from the end of its construction and the ground model and material parameters were further explored. A wick drain and surcharge program was designed to achieve settlement requirements, and consolidation settlement back analysis was carried out to compare with the ongoing performance to allow refinement of the surcharge and wick drain design. Comprehensive numerical analyses were also carried out to assess road embankment stability and consolidation deformations. Post construction performance assessment and monitoring have also been carried out. The design and construction have been shown to be a cost effective and technically achievable solution, which is best situated to the existing ground conditions. This paper summaries the key components in the analysis development and outlines innovative soft ground improvement design and construction carried out at the Causeway.
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Lake Tewa – Modular Liner System Using GCLS
For the construction of a man made lake in 2008 at Jack’s Point in New Zealand a unique modular future proof lining system was developed using bentonite GCL as the main liner elements. The main feature of the lake lining system is that provisions were made during design and construction that allowed the further expansion of a 5 ha sized lake (currently completed) by using a modular design. A key benefit is that future expansion can occur without the need to lower the lake water level or adversely affect the recreational water quality. These were some of the requirements made by the client. The lining system was developed as there were no other options available within the project scope and budget that offered the same flexibility, innovation, future proofing and long term project security as the chosen solution. This paper provides details of the modular lake lining system. Design considerations and construction details are presented in detail and potential uses of this modular lining system shown for other uses in civil and environmental engineering.
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Design And Construction Of A Geofoam Embankment Over Soft Ground
Development of the new Service Centre required construction of an off-ramp from the existing road together with an internal road network. Together these will provide access to the Service Centre for traffic from the existing roads. The off-ramp and road network were constructed on fill embankments, up to 4m in height, overlying a relatively uniform but very significant thickness of soft clay. In addition, the project site had been subject to a complex history of loading and unloading as a result of previous development on the site and ground improvements adjacent to the site, as part of new Service Centre development. To mitigate the effects of post-construction settlement to acceptable levels, safe and cost-effective ground treatment measures were developed along the preferred road alignment.
This paper provides some background to the project and presents in detail the design and construction methodology adopted for the lightweight fill treatment works using geofoam. The new geofoam embankment had to be constructed within the vicinity of existing and new infrastructures, i.e. pile-supported bridge, existing roads and a new drainage structure.