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Large Earthquake Recurrence In New South Wales: Implications For Earthquake Hazard
The Australian continent is actively deforming at a range of scales in response to far-field stresses associated with plate margins and buoyancy forces associated with mantle dynamics. On the smallest scale (101 km), faultrelated deformation associated with far-field stress partitioning has modified surface topography at rates of up to ~100 m per million years. This deformation is evidenced in both the record of historical earthquakes and in the pre-historic record in the landscape. Palaeoseismological studies indicate that few places in Australia have experienced a maximum magnitude earthquake since European settlement because there are faults in most areas capable of hosting potentially catastrophic earthquakes with magnitudes in excess of 7.0. New South Wales is well represented in terms of its pre-historic earthquake record. Seismogenic faulting in the last 5-10 million years is thought to be responsible for locally generating up to 200 m of the contemporary topographic relief of the Eastern Highlands. Faults west of Sydney belonging to the Lapstone Structural Complex, and faults beneath the greater Sydney region, are associated with infrequent damaging earthquakes. Therefore, decisions relating to the siting and construction of the built environment should be informed using knowledge of local neotectonics.
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Geostrap® & Ecostrap™ Reinforcements For MSE Structures. A New Approach To Geosynthetic Soil Reinforcement
This paper discusses the use of new geosynthetic solutions for soil reinforcements reviewing the whole process from design through to the construction stage.
Recent developments in high strength polyester (PET) GeoStrap® and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-L) EcoStrapTM soil reinforcements, combined with GeoMega® Sleeve, a new method for connecting geosynthetic reinforcements to concrete facing panels, offers durable design solutions for Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) structures located in sea water and aggressive environments.
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Seismic characteristics of the sediments of the Perth Basin
In October/November of 2001, a team from Geoscience Australia (G.A) observed natural background microtremors at over 3000 sites in the Perth Metropolitan Area (PMA). The paper discusses the reasons and the background behind this investigation, the methodology used and its limitations, the problems encountered, the results to date, as well as the recommendations for follow-up work. This work was funded and carried out under the auspices of The Cities Project of the Urban Geoscience Division of G.A.
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Innovative Geotechnical Design, Smart Construction and Optic Fibre Sensing
The future of built infrastructure including geotechnical structures relies on smarter use of information to make better engineering decisions leading to a reduction in risk, costs and carbon footprint and enhanced resilience and integrity. The rich information obtained from emerging sensor technologies can act as a catalyst for innovative geotechnical design, smarter construction planning and more cost-effective and energy efficient construction processes. Design of geotechnical structures requires consideration of risks associated with variable geology, which can be managed by having high spatial resolution data to understand the effects of varying soil-structure interaction. At present, there is a mismatch between the data needed and what current sensing systems can collect, which makes data-driven decision hard to achieve in real-time. Fibre optic sensing (FOS) is capable of obtaining high spatial resolution data in geotechnical engineering projects, allowing real-time acquisition of large volumes of data that can be analysed and fed back to designers and constructors to improve construction performance. This paper presents a review of the role of data in driving smart, cost-effective and energy-efficient design and construction and in particular discusses how optic fibre sensing can facilitate this in geotechnical engineering projects. Three local case studies are presented to demonstrate the capability of fibre optic monitoring. The first case describes the use of FOS in developing a full picture of soil-structure interaction on driven mini-piles during pile load tests, enabling the development of new analytical solutions for this footing system. The second case presents monitoring of a pipe-jacking project in Melbourne where a Glass-fibre Reinforced Plastic pipe was instrumented with FOS to capture its behaviour during the drive. The measured longitudinal and circumferential strains led to better understanding of the effects of the process on the pipes, providing a foundation for design improvement. The third case demonstrates the capability of FOS in long-term monitoring of elastic and permanent deformations in pavements constructed with recovered waste tyres.
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Rock mesh application in highly fractured basalt rock cutting in Western Ring Road widening project Melbourne – a case study
Widening of Melbourne’s M80 Western Ring Road carriageway required a significant vertical rock cut leading to a new fill embankment for the Moonee Ponds Creek crossing. The rock comprised highly fractured and variably weathered Newer Volcanics basalt. Excavation in other sections of the project in similar fractured basalt had led to significant overbreak. For a conventional concrete faced soil nail solution, similar overbreak in this rock cut was considered to create an appreciable budget overrun not only due to the additional volume of concrete required to fill in the overbreak, but also for the additional steel volume in the nails to support the weight of the thicker concrete facing. To overcome this, a combined rock nail and rock mesh retention system was adopted where a composite action provided restraint for both global and local face stability. Detailed assessment was necessary to determine the interaction between the local rock mesh facing support and the global support afforded by the nails and considerable effort was made to develop an installation procedure allowing construction of the system to be undertaken safely and efficiently. The final rock nail/rock mesh solution minimised the amount of steel and concrete required to support the rock giving a more sustainable solution than originally proposed.
The construction of the rock cut involved the installation of about 400 rock nails and was completed in 2 months at the end of 2011.
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Empirical strengths of rocks exposed along the Adelaide to Crafers Road
This paper presents the results from a series of field tests carried out to determine the strengths of slightly weathered rocks exposed in cuttings along the Adelaide to Crafers Road. The rocks are from the Mitcham Quartzite, Stonyfell Quartzite and Saddleworth Formation which includes the Glen Osmond State and Beaumont Dolomite Units. The road was completed in 2000 and to date no strength values have been placed into the public domain. The results highlight the significant variability in the strengths of all rock types. The paper also presents an empirical correlation between Schmidt hammer rebound values and point load indices for the rocks. This relationship should be useful for initial, rapid, non-destructive assessments of rock strength.
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Effects Of Fines Content On The Strength And Stiffness Of Biopolymer Treated Low-Plasticity Soils
The use of biopolymers to enhance the engineering properties of soil has received increasing attention in recent years, however, the interactive role that biopolymers and the fines content of the soil play in governing the geotechnical parameters still requires insightful investigation, in relation to chemical soil treatment that can be ecologically detrimental. This paper examines the combined effects of Xanthan Gum (XG) derived from specific bacterial strains and the presence of clay fines content (kaolin) on the strength and stiffness of low plasticity soils, with special reference of cyclic traffic (road and rail) loading. In this study, fine sand is mixed with different contents of kaolin, whereby laboratory compression and tensile tests were conducted on natural (untreated) and XG-treated soil specimens. The results indicate that soil strength can be enhanced significantly when XG is added, however the effectiveness is a function of the kaolin content (KC). At an optimum XG content of 2% and a fines content increasing from 5% to 30%, split tensile strength increases from 230 to 750 kPa,while the unconfined compressive strength rises from 1.4 to 7.9 MPa, respectively. For XG content between 0.5% and 2%, the small strain stiffness of treated soil increases fourfold from 206 to 854 MPa.
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Performance of battered mini driven pile group in basaltic clays: field testing and numerical modelling
A new battered mini driven pile group footing system developed recently in Victoria, Australia shows considerable advantages compared to traditional reinforced concrete footings. It can be manually handled and installed with light jackhammers without the need for an excavation or drilling. Soil disturbance is also much lower than other types of foundation systems and being concrete-free system leads to a shorter construction time and lower cost and carbon footprint. This new system is known as Surefoot. One of the best methods to ascertain the performance of foundation systems is field load testing. To evaluate the ultimate capacity of this system, eight static compression and pull-out tests were performed. The results were discussed according to commonly used interpretation methods and 3D numerical modelling. These tests were all conducted in an area of quaternary basaltic clay deposits in Braybrook, Victoria. This paper presents results of the soil investigation in terms of in-situ and laboratory tests, field static load tests and evaluation of the current design method. The field test and numerical modelling results suggests that the new battered mini driven pile system is a time and cost effective alternative to traditional footing systems.
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Depressurisation Of The Cleveland St Underpass
Between May and July 2014 the Cleveland St Underpass on the Eastern Distributor, Sydney was successfully resurfaced using open grade asphalt some 15 years after motorway construction. To undertake this work required temporary depressurisation of the surrounding aquifer so that the motorway could be kept dry throughout the work period. Key to the project was rapid depressurisation such that works could be completed during night shift and within tight work hours dictated by RMS minimising disruption to one of Sydney’s busiest motorways. Surface monitoring of groundwater levels was also required to ensure the drawdown beneath adjacent structures was within acceptable limits established from review of construction records and historical data. The successful depressurisation of this section of the motorway was the culmination of 4 years of research, modelling, testing, permitting and monitoring. This paper describes the staged approach performed over 4 phases of investigation, testing and monitoring of the novel solution to dewatering that was utilised to make resurfacing possible.