Deep Excavations In Soft Ground Using Temporary Structural Steelwork

In many city areas, ground anchors and soil nails cannot be used for deep excavation retention in soft ground for various reasons. The solution is often braced excavations involving temporary structural steelwork, serving multiple functions, like strutting, waling, lagging, traffic and construction decking. Based on the author’s design and supervision experience on underground metro station, rail, expressway and commercial mall projects, this paper discusses the design, construction and monitoring of steelwork applications in deep excavation environments.