Drained shear behaviour of sand with inherent transverse isotropy under cyclic loading

The objective of this paper is to elucidate the characteristics of sand with inherent transverse isotropy under more general loading conditions, such as unloading–reloading as well as monotonic loading. To this end, cyclic loading tests and loading tests with rotation of principal stress axes were carried out using a large hollow cylindrical apparatus. Through analysis of the experimental results, the characteristics of dilatancy, hardening, principal plastic deviatoric strain increment ratio and direction of maximum principal plastic strain have been clarified not only for monotonic loading conditions but also for more general loading conditions.