Key parameters in pseudo-static analysis of piles in liquefying sand

Soil-pile interaction in liquefying soils is very complex and involves rapid changes in soil characteristics and loads on piles. Thus, when analyzing the behaviour of piles with a simplified pseudo-static approach, the key issue is how to determine appropriate values for the parameters of the model while considering the inherent uncertainties associated with liquefaction. This paper identifies key parameters in the pseudo-static analysis of piles in liquefying soils and provides guidance for their determination based on observations from case histories and full-size tests.