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Proceedings of the 2016 Sydney Chapter Symposium
This document contains papers for the 20th annual symposium organised by the Sydney Chapter of the Australian Geomechanics Society. It is hoped that the symposium will keep practicing geotechnical engineers, engineering geologists, and other engineering professionals informed of recent developments in this field. It also recognises the need to gather together the experience of those practicing throughout Australia and to allow transfer of knowledge and sharing of their experiences.
These symposia continue to be one of the best forms for bringing together the key stakeholders of the Australian geological and geotechnical community. The main objective of the symposium, held on 11 November 2016, is to advance the knowledge in design and construction towards more cost effective ground improvement techniques in urban infrastructure environment.
Contributors include academics, practicing consultants, designers, suppliers and contractors. The papers present novel design and construction technologies for the performance monitoring of various ground improvement techniques applicable to soft soil and unstable rocks as well as new research results and case histories on construction.
This symposium is the cooperative effort of many authors and qualified reviewers. The editors and organising committee wish to thank the authors, who have generously contributed their time to prepare the various papers and the colleagues of the authors, who have assisted with time, secretarial, drafting and other facilities. Appreciation is also extended to our sponsors for their support. Without them the Symposium would not be possibly the best ongoing forum for the Australian Geomechanics and groundwater community.
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Natural Hazards, Risk, And The Resilience Of Transportation Infrastructure: An Example Of Risk-based Geotechnical Asset Management
The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) has recently implemented a Risk-Based Transportation Asset Management Plan (RB TAMP) that incorporates geotechnical assets and hazards. CDOTβs RB TAMP includes an ancillary wall structures program that includes all earth retaining structures, and a geohazards management program which is used to manage multiple hazards related to slopes, embankments, and roadway subgrade. The RB TAMP states multiple performance goals to be achieved, including safety, infrastructure condition, reliability, congestion, and maintenance, and the state will measure and report progress in these areas. Natural hazards, physical failures, external agency impacts and operational risks are risk types that present threats to CDOTβs achievement of their goals. The way these risks act on assets to impact performance goals can be visualized in a cubic form, and this allows for recognition of how many elements of risk there are, for making explicit decisions on which risks to address and how, and for communicating these decisions to others. Risk analysis at CDOT includes both qualitative and quantitative approaches in accordance with data availability. The quantitative estimate of risk is expressed in terms of exposure cost for all assets, risk types and performance goals and then used by CDOT subject matter experts for project selection and planning. The estimated risk exposures are also categorized into Level of Risk grades that are used to concisely communicate risk levels to executive management and to compare the long-term performance risks between asset types under different funding scenarios in the RB TAMP.
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Climate change, sustainable development and geotechnical engineering: A New Zealand framework for improvement
Climatic warming caused by the emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases is occurring across the globe. These changes will increase the exposure of the built environment to hazards such as sea level rise and coastal inundation and exacerbate existing hazards such as expansive soils and landslides. In New Zealand, the built environment and its construction is responsible for about 20% of the emissions that are the primary cause of climate change. The way our built environment is designed must change to adapt to these future increases in hazard and must also mitigate emissions where possible to limit future increases in hazard to manageable levels. This paper describes climate change effects where they have overlaps with geotechnical design and hazard assessment (with particular reference to Auckland as an example), discusses the impact that these changes are expected to have on geotechnical practice in the coming years and decades, and presents a framework for managing these in the design processes.
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Guidelines for the applications of effective stress principle to shear strength and volume change determination of unsaturated soils
The application of the effective stress principle to shear strength and volume change in unsaturated soils is presented. Step by step guidelines are provided with relevant procedures for material parameter determination. A relationship is derived between instability index used in AS2870 and the basic soil properties.
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Estimation Of Travel Distance For Landslides In Soil Slopes
Methods for prediction of the post failure travel distance for landslides from cuts, fills and natural soil slopes are presented. The methods first require assessment of the likely mechanics of initial sliding, based on the material properties and slope geometry with a view to identifying if the subsequent travel of the landslide will be βrapidβ or βslowβ. The post failure travel distance is then estimated for βrapidβ slides from consideration of the slide mechanism, material type, slope geometry and/or slide volume; and for βslowβ slides based on the residual factor of safety and estimated surface of rupture.
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Practical Approach For Piled Raft Stiffness Estimation
This paper makes use of the expressions of Randolph (1994) to derive simple expression for the proportion of raft stiffness that can be added to the pile group stiffness in order to estimate the overall stiffness of a piled raft foundation system. Simple methods of estimating raft and piled group stiffness values are summarized, and an example illustrating the application of the approach is presented. Finally, the approach is used to estimate the settlement of a piled raft foundation supporting a high-rise tower in the city of Frankfurt.
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Selected methods of ground improvement for Australian transport infrastructure
In coastal regions of Australia, high population densities and increased traffic have led to a substantial expansion of transportation infrastructure. These developments have necessitated the use of ground improvement techniques in response to environmental legislation and the need for sustained performance. In this paper, a brief overview of innovative ground improvement techniques in major areas such as railway embankments, port reclamation, and landfill operations is provided. Ballasted rail tracks are often placed on freshly quarried aggregate because it is resilient enough for cyclic and impact loads. However, ballasted layers often need periodic maintenance due to deformation and degradation, and while recycled ballast is a cheaper and environmentally viable option, its strength must be investigated beforehand, and different types of geosynthetics to improve the stability and drainage of railway tracks under high cyclic loading also need assessing. Field tests to measure the in-situ stresses and deformations of ballast have been carried out on sections of instrumented heavy haul track at Bulli and Singleton. Stabilization of soft subgrade soils using prefabricated vertical drains (PVDs) and stone columns is also needed to improve the overall stability of track and reduce differential settlement during operation. The effectiveness PVDs can be seen via field measurements and finite element analyses. Due to an increase in trade activities at the Port of Brisbane, Queensland (Qld), new facilities on Fisherman Islands at the mouth of the Brisbane River were constructed (reclamation) on the new outer area (235ha) adjacent to the existing port facilities. A vacuum assisted surcharge load and conventional surcharge scheme in conjunction with PVDs helped to reduce the required consolidation time through the deeper subsoil layers. The design of this combined vacuum and surcharge fill system and construction of the embankment are described in this paper. A 45 ha reclamation at the Outer Harbour extension of Port Kembla in Wollongong, NSW, gave us the opportunity to examine the potential use of coal wash (CW) and steel furnace slag (SFS) as predominant reclamation fill, while laboratory investigations indicated that an optimum CW-SFS mixture would meet most of the geotechnical specifications needed for an effective structural fill. A field application at Penrith Lakes, NSW, of a new methodology using the shear wave velocity (Vs) (i.e. Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves MASW) and matric suction (ua-uw) or moisture content was investigated. The laboratory results and the results from preliminary field testing indicate that Vs and (ua-uw) trends could predict the compaction characteristics of the soil. The use of sustainable approaches for ground improvement such as bio-engineering, and recycled tyres with waste granular material, is also presented and discussed in this paper.
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2019 Sydney Symposium
Innovations in Geotechnical Construction and Design
Harry Poulos and David Puller
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Foundation Design For Underground Metro Stations In Dubai
This paper is based upon the investigation and design stages for two of the 30 metre deep underground stations constructed in water-bearing sands and very weak rock as part of the initial development for the Red line of the Dubai Metro, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The paper firstly outlines the geological and hydro-geological conditions encountered at the City Centre and Burjuman underground stations designed by Hyder, with specific details of the geotechnical design parameters and groundwater data. The design criteria and constraints for the structures are subsequently discussed from a geotechnical perspective, in particular the issues of dewatering during construction and the impact of the long term uplift pressure after completion on the design solution. Two critical geotechnical design issues are the use of the tension piles/barrettes against uplift for the station box and load bearing barrettes for the viaducts immediately above the underground station structures. This paper also describes the progression from concept to detail designs and how the uplift issues were resolved and the lessons learnt.
Both empirical design methods and numerical modelling for the design of tension piles/barrettes are presented in the paper to emphasize the complexity, of what at face value appears straightforward. The load transfer mechanism of the viaduct load through the barrette panels and their displacement compatibility with the station box slabs were analysed using both 2D analysis and 3 dimensional methods.
At this time the permanent box structures have been completed and the design assumptions validated through the construction stage using an observational approach/monitoring, reflecting the effective and successful application of the design and decision making process.
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The RTA Guide To Slope Risk Analysis Version 3.1
The RTA Guide to Slope Risk Analysis presents a procedure for analysing geotechnical risks associated with slopes adjacent to main roads in NSW. The procedure analyses the risk associated with actual or potential failure mechanisms which have been identified for a slope, using a series of defined ratings, which are combined through a risk matrix to generate an Assessed Risk Level (ARL) for the slope. The ratings are correlated to conditional probabilities for the likelihood and consequences of failure. Risk to life and economic risk are both analysed. Some of the methods used to allocated the ratings are presented. The inherent limits to the precision of risk analysis procedures are also discussed.