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Exploring The Impacts Of Abundantly Available Sustainable By-Product Materials In Australia On Stabilizing Expansive Soils
This paper aims to examine the effects of utilizing readily available sustainable by-product materials in Australia for the purpose of stabilizing expansive soils. Some waste by-products, commonly found in Australia that can be employed for soil stabilisation are cement kiln dust, blast furnace slag, quarry dust, bagasse ash and fibre, rice husk ash, fly ash and bottom ash.
With support of industry a number of materials have been selected for characterisation. Extensive experimental tests utilizing bagasse fibre, bagasse ash, bottom ash, fly ash, and eggshell powder have been conducted at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS) to enhance the engineering properties of expansive soils. These tests have been supplemented by microstructural tests, numerical analysis, and comprehensive discussions. These pozzolanic materials are characterized by significant levels of calcium carbonate, silica, and alumina. Numerous tests have been performed using these by- products to investigate the impact of their composition in conjunction with lime or cement, the curing time, the particle size, the optimal blending ratios, on both treated and untreated soil properties.
Based on research and laboratory investigations, sustainable by-product materials have demonstrated substantial potential for enhanced durability, cost savings and long-term environmental benefits, compared to traditional cementitious agents in treating expansive soils. These materials offer improved soil strength, reduced swelling potential, enhanced soil ductility, and controlled deformation over time. However, the implementation of these sustainable materials in practice is not yet widespread among construction companies and road authorities in Australia. This paper addresses this concern and provides practical recommendations for adoption of these sustainable by-products in weak subgrade of roads.
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The mechanics of discontinua: Engineering in discontinuous rock masses
Rock masses are distinguished from most other engineering materials by their inherently discontinuous nature and by the range of scales on which discontinuities occur within them. The paper highlights a number of concerns that these factors pose in engineering practice. It reviews the basic mechanics of discontinua and the historical development of the characterisation, testing and analytical and numerical techniques available to the engineer working with discontinuous rock. The practical application of these techniques is illustrated by examples of their use in underground construction, caving methods of mining and hot dry rock geothermal energy exploitation. Despite the difficulties that still arise in engineering in discontinuous rock masses, it is shown that quite remarkable advances have been made in the last 40 years.
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Insights Into Geotechnical Project Success
Nine experienced ground and underground engineering professionals from Aurecon in ANZ were asked to provide details of successful projects where collaboration had occurred. The responses are presented in differing ways, but the insights highlighted several recurring reasons why collaboration had occurred. The factors that were considered to have a positive influence on the outcome of the project included trust, necessity, delivery framework and involvement. The insights gained about these factors were pitched against ideas and hypotheses from accepted business and management theory and found to correlate well. It is concluded that setting up a team for success by having the frameworks in place that will facilitate collaborative mindset and practices will result in team alignment and better project outcomes.
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The Seventh James K. MitchelL Lecture: Characterization of silt/sand soils
The term silt/sand or M/S is proposed as an inclusive abbreviation of soils that can span from sand with very little silt, silty sand to pure silt. It is generally believed that sands with fines (particles passing #200 sieve) tend to be more compressible. Because of their low permeability, cone penetration tests (CPT) in sands with fines can be partially drained. High compressibility makes the soil more contractive and thus showing lower resistance in undrained shearing. Significant ground subsidence can also be associated with the high compressibility of M/S/ soils. For CPT in granular soils with similar density and stress states, the high compressibility and partial drainage can both contribute to lower cone tip resistance. Natural granular soils are more likely to contain fines than being clean (fines content < 5%). Studies on M/S soils are far less than those on clean sands. Because of the unique geological setting, the author had the opportunity to work with a local M/S deposit in Central Western Taiwan in the past 25 years. Procedures for laboratory soil element tests as well as CPT calibration tests using reconstituted specimens have been developed and a series of tests performed. Practical undisturbed sampling techniques in M/S soils were experimented and applied. Methods to correlate cyclic strength, fines contents and cone tip resistance in M/S deposit were proposed. The concepts of equivalent granular void ratio and state parameter were experimented in compiling the test data. The paper describes the new characterization techniques developed and lessons learned in the interpretation of test data for the studied M/S soils.
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Pavement design and construction in reactive clays
One of the key parameters considered for pavement design in Australia is the subgrade CBR. In reactive clays the soaked CBR value is low and influenced by many factors such as moisture conditioning of the sample, variability within the sample, surcharge during soaking and duration of soaking. These clays are also prone to volume change with changing moisture condition, which is typically reflected as shape loss and cracking in overlying pavements. Measures such as provision of a low permeability capping layer, provision of minimum cover over the subgrade and moisture conditioning of the subgrade are provided to improve the long term performance of the pavements constructed on reactive clay subgrades. Preparation of reactive clay subgrades also generally encounter difficulties. This paper presents a review and discussion on the above issues. A method of assessment of the potential long term surface movements in pavements constructed in reactive clays is also presented and discussed.
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Layer Identification and Strength Interpretation in Clay from Penetrometer Data
Penetrometer tests are used widely for offshore in situ site investigations and for soil characterisation in laboratory model tests. This paper presents a summary of two PhD dissertations and the work of a Research Fellow on penetrometers in layered clays. The continuous penetration responses of the commonly used cone penetrometer; and two increasingly used full-flow penetrometers (T-bar and ball) have been explored. Single layer, two-layer (soft-stiff and stiff-soft) and three- layer (soft-stiff-soft and stiff-soft-stiff) clay deposits have been considered. The investigations have been carried through large deformation finite element analyses and centrifuge model tests. Interesting and critical soil failure mechanisms are illustrated. Design frameworks are provided for the identification of layer boundaries, and interpretation of undrained shear strength of each identified layer.
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Innovative Use of Recycled Rubber and Mining By-Products for Sustainable Rail and Road Infrastructure
Encouraging more real-life applications of circular economy perspectives in transportation infrastructure design and construction, this paper focuses on utilising granular wastes (i.e. coal wash and steel slag) from coal and steel mining for port reclamation, and recycled rubber elements including granulated rubber particles, rubber mats, tyre cells and truck tyre segments for stabilising track formations and reducing ballast degradation. The mixtures of coal wash and steel slag were optimised through a proposed novel customer-made selection criteria and verified through field trial. Moreover, the promising damping property of rubber (with respect to strain energy capacity) was fully exploited to design substructure energy retention layers to minimise deformation and degradation of track elements including impact damage caused by track irregularities such as rail corrugations. The large-scale laboratory testing results obtained using the large-scale triaxial, Process Simulation Prismoidal Triaxial Apparatus, and the prototype National Facility for Cyclic Testing of High-speed Rail and the field trial verify that rail tracks altered with the above-mentioned rubber elements easily satisfy the specified standards and are even superior to conventional ballast tracks in terms of degradation, deformation, stress distribution, and track vibration. In addition, these environmentally friendly approaches promote the reuse of mining by- products and discarded tyres and conveyor belts in transportation infrastructure while providing long-term cost benefits that can save millions of dollars annually in track maintenance and quarrying natural rock aggregates.
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Professional tasks, responsibilities and co-operation in ground engineering
In July 2002, a Joint European Working Group on the professional competencies of engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers was formally established by the then Presidents of the ISRM (Panet) and ISSMGE (van Impe) and by the President designate of the IAEG (Rengers). IAEG, ISRM and ISSMGE are learned societies in the broader field of ground engineering.
The need for such a Working Group stemmed from the fact that in recent years and across several European countries there was a debate on the particular contribution and responsibilities of Engineering Geologists and Geotechnical Engineers in the solution of problems in ground engineering. This was emphasised by differing professional definitions and accreditation rules that existed for geologists and engineers within different European countries, and by the growing demand for geologically and technically sustainable, cost effective and safe geo-engineering solutions. Internally, the Joint Working Group was seen as a means of strengthening the co-operation across the three international societies and to identify common ground.
The members of the Joint Working Group were nominated by each of the three international societies involved. The European Federation of Geologists (EFG) is represented on the Working Group as observer at present.
The Working Group was established on the 20-21 March, 2003 in Brussels. The inaugural meeting agreed the Terms of Reference. It identified the need for two documents, namely:
- A document for the three international learned societies on the professional competencies of engineering geologists
and geotechnical engineers, including a specification of the interfaces and areas of co-operation between them and - A document with relevant recommendations for an input to EU Directives.
This Report represents the outcome of the Working Group’s deliberations on the professional competencies of Engineering Geologists and Geotechnical Engineers within civil or structural engineering. For the purposes of this Report, Geotechnical Engineers are Soil or Rock Mechanics practitioners. After approval by the three international societies involved, this Report will be the basis for the second document of the Working Group to be prepared for the appropriate EU Authorities. It is intended to have representatives of both EFG and FEANI involved as full members of the Working Group in the preparation of the second document.
- A document for the three international learned societies on the professional competencies of engineering geologists
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Inorganic transport through composite geosynthetics and compacted clay liners under geomembranes with multiple defects
Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) and compacted clay liners (CCLs) are widely used in waste containment systems – usually in conjunction with a high-density polyethylene geomembrane – for the protection of groundwater from contamination. Defects in geomembranes have been shown to have detrimental impacts on their performances. These systems, including defects, have been studied mostly through the lens of hydraulic leakage. Previous contaminant migration studies of liner systems have assumed single rather than multiple defects or have simulated organic, rather than inorganic transport when multiple defects are present. Unlike organic chemicals, inorganic contaminants do not biologically decay and have extremely small coefficients of diffusion through the intact parts of the geomembrane. These differences create different transport regimes, with contaminant levels likely to take longer to build up and dissipate in the aquifer. This paper simulates the transport of inorganic contaminants in systems containing CCLs or GCLs, under a geomembrane with multiple defects. Specifically, we aim to a) assess the extent to which leakage rates are good predictors of concentrations of inorganic contaminants in the aquifer and b) quantify the relative effect of various design and field parameters on the degree to which defects in the geomembranes reduce the performance of these systems.
Two-dimensional models of liner systems with multiple defects are simulated with the finite-element based Soil Pollution Analysis System (SPAS) for the transport of chloride and cadmium in geosynthetic and compacted composite clay liners. The coupled, steady-state seepage equations and time-dependent reactive diffusion advection equations are solved in two-dimensional space in order to compute seepage velocities and chemical concentrations in the system, including the underlying aquifer. A finite mass boundary condition is applied at the top of the system, representing a finite intake of contaminants in the waste. Parametric analyses are conducted to characterise the relationship between, on the one hand, various design and field parameters (intake of contaminant, thickness of primary liner, frequency and size of defects, hydraulic conductivities of clay) and, on the other hand, leakage rates and maximum concentrations of contaminant in the aquifer.
We find that defects in the geomembrane lead to significant increases in maximum concentrations of inorganic contaminants in the aquifer. However, these maxima are predicted to occur a few hundred years after the closure of the landfill, i.e. beyond the usual regulatory limit of the design. Design/field parameters with the strongest effect on maximum contaminant levels in the aquifer are the hydraulic conductivities of the primary liner (CCL or GCL), the frequency of defects and, in the case of the CCL, the thickness of the primary liner. Finally, we find that leakage rates are sometimes poor indicators of the effects of design parameters on chemical concentrations in groundwater. The maximum specific discharge rate under defects can have an important effect on concentrations as well, though it is not usually taken directly into account, nor is it easily measurable.
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Industry-University Collaborative Paradigms For Solving Pressing Industry Problems
Currently, the world is tackling the ongoing Industry 4.0 Revolution, and the increasing need for industry-university research collaborations to solve pressing problems is highlighted in this paper. In many cases, solving these problems requires multidisciplinary and practical input to realise genuine advancements. In this regard, two case studies of successful industry-university collaborations are presented; the first is on addressing critical water pipe failures, and the second on the smart transport pavements. The first project used purely industry-university collaboration paradigm, while the second followed Australian Research Council’s Industry Transformation Research Hub Scheme. By reviewing these large collaborative projects and the experience gained through other relatively small collaborations, general observations for effective collaborations are presented. At the same time, the potential impediments to effective collaboration are also highlighted, along with possible ways to overcome them.