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Estimating in situ compression parameters from remoulded and field test data
Conventional sampling and testing procedures cause disturbance of soft clays during sampling, transport and testing resulting in inaccurate measurement of in situ compression parameters. A pilot study has been performed to assess the feasibility of a method for estimating in situ parameters from the results of routine laboratory tests on remoulded soil and in-situ measurements of sensitivity. The computed parameters are compared with data back-analysed from embankments that settled more than anticipated. The results of the study were in reasonable agreement with the back analysed values and were greater than design values adopted from the results of conventional laboratory tests. Piezocone data can be used to develop a continuous profile of coefficients of compression with depth once a profile of plasticity index with depth for the soil is known. Further work is required to increase confidence in the method.
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Hydrogeological properties of the Hawkesbury Sandstone in the Sydney Region
Geotechnical and hydrogeological data obtained from investigations for the design of tunnels in Sydney have created a large database that describes the hydrogeological properties of the Sydney Hawkesbury Sandstone, providing an insight into its hydraulic behaviour. Investigations for the Epping to Chatswood Rail Line and another tunnel project in Sydney included drilling of over 150 boreholes and execution of over 450 packer (water pressure) tests within these boreholes. For the Epping to Chatswood Rail Line, a 48-hour pumping test was conducted at two separate locations and acoustic borehole imaging was conducted in 20 boreholes to provide information on subsurface defect characteristics, essential to understanding hydraulic behaviour. This paper presents the results of a statistical analysis of packer test results and borehole imaging data, a comparison to pumping test results, and compares measured groundwater inflow rates from the tunnels with estimates from numerical modelling. Data analyses show the depth-dependence of the hydraulic conductivity of the Hawkesbury Sandstone, show a relationship between hydraulic conductivity and defect distribution, and demonstrate the requirement to address scale effects when using packer test results to assess groundwater inflow to underground excavations.
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Embankment design and construction for a major rail upgrade project in Western Australia
Australia is one of the largest iron ore producing countries in the world. As a result of increased international demand for iron ore, development of new open pit mines with associated infrastructure has been on the rise in Western Australia. Design and construction of new rail lines and duplication along existing rail lines have been one of the key issues for timely delivery of iron ore from mine to port. This paper presents geotechnical issues associated with the design and construction of a major rail duplication project in the Pilbara Region in Western Australia that include cuts and embankments up to 20 m in height. The geotechnical issues include geotechnical investigation, sourcing borrow materials for construction of embankments including sub ballast capping, slope stability, settlement and construction methods. A variety of rock formations were encountered along the alignment comprising igneous, sedimentary and volcanics with variable degree of weathering. Slope stability assessment was undertaken using limit equilibrium method, kinematic analysis concept and visual assessment. Deformation analyses were undertaken using PLAXIS computer program. Geotechnical investigation, selection of parameters for engineering analysis and method of design during the construction stage are discussed in this paper.
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Some Inadequacies Of Common Design Procedures For Deep Foundations
This paper examines some aspects of common deep foundation design that the author considers may be inadequate. The following aspects are considered:
- Ignoring foundation interactions;
- Ignoring the beneficial effect of the raft;
- Assuming a rigid cap or raft;
- Over-simplification of the geotechnical profile;
- Ignoring the beneficial effects of basement walls;
- Ignoring the effects of ground movements;
- Ignoring kinematic effects in seismic design.
Each inadequate aspect will be considered in turn, with examples given of the possible consequences. Some aspects lead to conservative designs, while others tend to be unconservative. Suggestions will be offered for addressing the perceived inadequacies, some of which are likely to involve the application of innovative techniques.
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Risk Prediction Model for Formation of Underground Cavities and Sinkholes due to Defective Sewer Pipes
Sinkhole formation due to internal erosion around defective sewer pipes is identified as a serious threat in urban infrastructure system. Post-repair and rehabilitation after pipe failure are not effective as emergency pipe repairs are very costly and pipe failure leads to various public and environmental consequences. Only a few studies have been conducted on the prediction of the risk of ground erosion around pipe defects. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to propose a model which can predict the risk of formation of sinkholes around sewer pipelines based on the weighted factors method when a pipe defect is certain. The proposed methodology relies on different factors which contribute to void development and severity of the consequences. The Risk of Erosion (ROE) combines the effect of Likelihood of Erosion void formation (LOE) and Consequence of Erosion cavity formation and ground failure (COE). The LOE rating is related to many parameters, including soil properties, hydraulic conditions, and pipe defect characteristics, while the COE rating is related to the environmental, economic, and social consequences of pipe failure. Therefore, this model, which can predict the risk of developing a sinkhole close to an existing pipe defect, will enable sewer assets maintenance teams to evaluate each pipe and prioritize the maintenance and rehabilitation work based on the risk to each pipe.
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Ground movement and soil structure interaction – recent findings
Recently, unsatisfactory performance of some domestic structures founded on reactive soils has been reported. In Victoria, many instances of significant damage particularly in the western suburb are associated with houses built during the millennium drought. Abnormal moisture conditions (e.g., extreme climate conditions or pipe leak) lead to changes in soil moisture content under the footing system causing differential movement of slabs and supported superstructure. This paper presents a summary of research undertaken by Swinburne University of Technology with support from a number of organisations investigating the main causes of damage and some of the shortcomings in current design and construction practice.
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Proximal Sensing Of Density During Soil Compaction By Instrumented Roller
The measurement of density or void ratio during the compaction of geomaterials (soils and unbound granular materials) in the field during road construction is essential for superior performance. The specifications adopted by the road authorities worldwide are exclusively based on density. However, estimating density evolution proximally or non-destructively is challenging. Conventional field-based density measurement techniques are hazardous, slow to use and are point-based measurements.
This study developed a novel methodology to estimate the density of geomaterials non-destructively in real-time during the compaction process. The methodology included measuring the surface deformation using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems attached to rollers and developing physics-based 1-Dimensional and machine learning (ML) based constitutive models to relate the measured parameters to the density. The developed methodology was validated in an indoor environment where a large soil box (dimensions: 7.5 m×4 m×0.8 m) was fabricated and a well-graded sand in 5 layers of 100 mm was compacted using a 1.5-tonne instrumented roller. The measurement of deformation provided an opportunity to estimate the density in real-time. The estimated density using 1-D model and a ML based classification model had an error of 20% and 16% respectively when compared to density measured from Nuclear Density Gauge (NDG).
This novel instrumentation allowed the density to be measured during compaction with high accuracy, which presents an unprecedented advantage over other conventional approaches, which are intrusive and pointwise, thereby ensuring that the road will be constructed expediently and will function satisfactorily, minimising the occurrence of premature failures. The continual measurement of density during compaction will also facilitate maintaining uniformity of the density, thereby reducing the potential for excessive differential deformations.
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AGS Sydney Symposium 2024
Advances in Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
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Evolution of the Illawarra escarpment terrain
Drawing on the disciplines of stratigraphy, plate tectonics and passive margin development, the evolution of Illawarra Escarpment terrain in the southeastern corner of the Sydney Basin is placed within known geological constraints. The development of the terrain begins with the initial deposition of the early Permian Sydney Basin sequences, into what was a developing (yet subsequently failed) rift fracture within the eastern side of the Gondwana supercontinent (the Sydney – Gunnedah – Bowen Basin trough), through to the eventual rifting of the existing continental margin and opening of the Tasman Sea around 70 million years ago in the vicinity of Sydney. The timing of this rifting and a regional cross-section across the coastline and out into the Tasman Basin allow the assessment of a long term rate of escarpment retreat of 0.6 m per 1000 years. Cenozoic, Quaternary and in particular Holocene climate variability and the attendant sea-level changes and the impact these have on the escarpment terrain is demonstrated. It is shown that the Illawarra Escarpment has evolved as a result of the natural processes of escarpment retreat and associated slope processes, coastal erosion and marine abrasion. The escarpment can be considered to be of Quaternary age albeit with its precursor slopes extending back into the Neogene period.
A landslide inventory managed by the University of Wollongong currently identifies 665 landslide locations and a total of 1050 landslide events in this region over the last 120 years. This inventory facilitates the assessment of contemporary escarpment retreat rates. These rates range from 0.1 m to 1.0 m per 1000 years. Whilst the process rates will vary by small amounts elsewhere along the coastline, the same logic and discussion applies for much of the south-east coast of Australia.