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Acid Sulfate Rock Management In Earthworks For Roads
Acid sulfate rocks (ASR) have elevated levels of reduced sulfur, usually as pyrite or other sulfide minerals, and in NSW occur in the lower Sydney Basin and other areas. When exposed to water and oxygen a series of chemical reactions lead to the formation of acid leachates and sulfate salts, and the acidic conditions can also produce high levels of metals in solution. These products can be damaging to both the environment and engineering elements of roads such as concrete and steel bridge foundations and culverts, geotechnical reinforcements such as reinforced soil wall straps and rockbolts, cut batters and pavement materials. This paper presents experiences with ASR in road projects including an overview of the basic science, investigation and test methods, ASR characterisation, design considerations, management plans and construction issues. The Conjola Mountain realignment project on the Princes Highway in southern NSW is presented as a case study together with some research work undertaken on this project.
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Waste Containment: Strategies & Performance
This paper reviews strategies for lining and covering waste containment systems, as well as systems used to remove leachate. Emphasis is placed on factors influencing field performance. Field performance data indicate that compacted clay liners and composite liners are performing as intended, and that their performance can be predicted with standard calculation methods. Resistive covers employing a soil barrier with low saturated hydraulic conductivity as the primary impedance to flow have been shown to perform poorly due to the effects of desiccation and frost action. Covers with a composite barrier layer or water balance covers have a much better performance record, and can effectively eliminate percolation into waste. The performance of leachate collections systems ranges from poor to excellent depending on the design and materials of construction. Successful leachate collection systems are constructed with coarse uniformly graded gravel with little fines and are overlain by a non-woven geotextile filter.
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Fifty years of the ISRM and associated progress in rock mechanics
The 12th Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics (ISRM) was held in Beijing, China, in October 2011 in the fiftieth year of the life of the Society which was established formally on 24 May 1962 in Salzburg, Austria. This paper which is a slightly revised version of one presented at the Congress (Brown, 2011), discusses the emergence of rock mechanics as a distinctive engineering and scientific discipline, the state and achievements of the discipline at the time the ISRM was founded in 1962, the events leading up to the formation of the Society, the development and achievements of the Society in the 50 years since 1962 and the progress made in the discipline of rock mechanics and rock engineering since that time.
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AGS Victoria Symposium 2024
Piling and Ground Improvement Applications
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The Australian geoguides for slope management and maintenance
The Australian Geomechanics Society (AGS) presents on the following pages a guideline on slope management and maintenance, as part of the landslide risk management guidelines developed under the National Disaster Funding Program (NDMP). This Guideline is aimed at home owners, developers and local councils, but also has applicability to a larger audience which includes builders and contractors, consultants, insurers, lawyers, government departments and in fact any person, or organisation, with a responsibility for the management or maintenance of a slope. The objective is to inform those with little or no knowledge of geotechnical engineering about landslides.
Each GeoGuide is a stand-alone document, which is formatted so that it can be printed on two sides of a single A4 sheet. It is expected that the set of GeoGuides will increase with time to cover a range of topics. As things stand:
- GeoGuide LR1 is an introductory sheet that should be read by all users, since it explains what the LR (landslide risk) series is about and defines terms.
- GeoGuides LR2, 3 and 4 explain why landslides occur and provide information on different types of landslide.
- GeoGuide LR5 discusses the critical part that water often plays in relation to landslide occurrence and discusses measures that can be adopted to limit its effect.
- GeoGuide LR6 refers to retaining walls and their maintenance.
- GeoGuide LR7 puts the concept of landslide risk into an everyday context, so users can relate a particular landslide risk to other risks that they know they are prepared to take, sometimes on a daily basis.
- GeoGuide LR8 retains the ideas of good and poor hillside construction practice originally provided by an AGS sub-committee in 1985.
- GeoGuide LR9 concentrates specifically on effluent and surface water disposal, which is an important topic in some development areas.
- GeoGuide LR10 is specifically aimed at those who have property on the coast and could be susceptible to coastal erosion processes.
- GeoGuide LR11 provides information about the benefits of keeping records on inspection and maintenance activities and provides a proforma record sheet for users.
It is recognised that the GeoGuides are likely to be upgraded from time to time. Feedback on use and suggested changes should be sent to the National Chair of the Australian Geomechanics Society. The latest versions of the GeoGuides will be downloadable from the AGS website www.australiangemechanics.org
Through the NDMP, Australian governments (at Commonwealth, State and Local Government levels) are also funding the development of a Landslide Zoning Guideline (AGS 2007a), and a Practice Note Guideline (AGS 2007c) to which interested readers seeking in-depth information should refer.
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Interaction of matric suction and net stress on a highly pressure grouted soil-cement interface
Nowadays, grouting pressure is considered as an important issue as it provides better interface strength than gravity grouting in case of cast in situ soil-cement grout interface, like soil-nail and soil-pile interface. In the present study, a series of interface direct shear tests is performed on highly pressure grouted soil-cement interface under different matric suctions and net stresses. The experimental results indicate that grouting pressure, matric suction and overburden stress have interactional significant influence on the interface behaviour of soil-cement interface. The shear strength increases with net stress at both saturated and unsaturated conditions for pressure grouted soil-cement interface. Similar to soil, the interface shear strength envelopes for a given suction are approximately linear. The apparent interface friction angle and adhesion intercept increase with matric suction. As compared with gravity grouted interface, the apparent interface friction angle decreases for higher pressure grouting at different matric suctions. Also, the strength of highly pressure grouted interface is greater at lower suction range, but lower at higher suction range.
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Working Towards Net Zero Emissions – Role Of Geo-Professionals
The global movement in climate change protection is to work towards Net Zero Emissions by around 2050. Net zero emissions refers to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to zero, or as close to zero as possible and offsetting any remaining emissions (e.g. clean energy projects).
This paper outlines some of the steps geo-professionals should take to understand the project Sustainability and Resilience requirements, and areas where we can influence design and construction to meet or exceed those requirements. Sustainability, in relation to geotechnical and geo-environmental work, is an integrated process that balances the social, environmental and financial aspects of planning, design and construction, while managing risk, safety, quality and durability to acceptable standards. Resilience is the ability to cope with uncertain yet extreme events and climate change that may occur over the life cycle of the infrastructure, and to allow expeditious recovery and reconstitution of critical services with minimum impact to public safety and health, the economy, and national security. Geo-professionals are at the forefront of being able to contribute towards sustainable and resilient infrastructure in areas ranging from innovative investigation techniques, use of alternative sustainable resources, reuse of existing foundations, minimising waste, and efficient designs to minimise construction time and materials. Some examples are given in this paper to illustrate where geotechnical designs have contributed to achieving sustainable outcomes.
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Geotechnical History And Rehabilitation of the Rhyndaston Rail Tunnel, Tasmania
Rhyndaston Tunnel is located 40 km (73 km by rail) north of Hobart in southern Tasmania. It was the first and remains the longest rail tunnel excavated in Tasmania and in 2021 was the only one still in operation. It was excavated by traditional drill and blast in sandstone between 1873-1876. The 955 m tunnel was recognised as having a small, if not limiting, profile soon after operations began. The advent of containerised freight in the late 1950’s and its rapid adoption across the globe in the 1960’s meant that the tunnel would soon become redundant and a viable and cost-effective alternative was sought.
At about the same time, the Hydro Electric Commission of Tasmania chose emerging tunnel boring technology for the excavation of the Headrace and Tailrace Tunnels for the Poatina Power Station 80 km to the northwest. This was to be the first use of tunnel boring technology in Australia, and it also provided a practical option to enlarge the Rhyndaston Tunnel while maintaining the majority of services on the Main Line between Hobart and Launceston. Consequently, after the completion of tunnel boring activities at Poatina in 1963, the tunnel boring machine (TBM) was transported to Rhyndaston and reamed the Rhyndaston Tunnel in 1964-1965.
The original Rhyndaston Tunnel was largely unlined and unsupported and when, after almost ninety years of operation, it was enlarged, it remained largely unlined and unsupported. A further 50 years on, and an extreme rainfall and extensive flooding across Tasmania saw the Rhyndaston Tunnel on the list of the States many civil assets to sustain damage. The extent of that damage was small, but in the course of remediation, the opportunity was taken to repair and upgrade a number of identified defects with a view to ensuring the Tunnel’s long-term security.
The paper describes the geotechnical history, enlargement and recent remediation and upgrading of the Rhyndaston Tunnel. All photographs are from the period 2016 – 2020 unless stated otherwise.
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Pile Design For Solar Farms And Reactive Clay Sites In Australia
There are many geotechnical aspects that require consideration during the design of solar farms. One key consideration, which is a major cost driver for these developments, is the design of the pile foundations supporting the solar arrays. The number of piles is often in the order of tens to hundreds of thousands and contributes to a significant portion of the capital cost of the project. The uptake of commercial scale solar is in its infancy in Australia with the first commercial size farm only commencing operation in late 2012. Consequently, we have limited local case studies for lightly loaded piles installed in reactive clay subjected to wetting and drying cycles on which to base a rational design methodology. Methods are available to analyse this type of problem. However, many are based on simplified assumptions, limited data sets, or can be difficult to apply in practice. Furthermore, some of the available methods rely on laboratory tests, such as swell pressure measurements, of which the results can be highly variable and difficult to rationalise, or insitu tests that are difficult to undertake in engineering practice. This paper provides an overview of the current state of practice in Australia for designing piles supporting solar arrays to resist expansive soil movements and presents some preliminary design charts developed using finite element analysis to assist designers with estimating the vertical pile movements and loads in piles associated with reactive ground movements.
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Use Of Bitumen Stabilised Limestone In Western Australian Road Pavements
Bitumen emulsion stabilisation of locally available Tamala Limestone was widely used by State and Local Governments from the mid-1960s through the late-1990s, however its use has declined in recent years. This paper aims to substantiate its benefits as a viable alternative material for use on heavily trafficked roads. The benefits provided through stabilisation of crushed limestone with bitumen emulsion include improved workability, reduced ravelling under construction traffic, lower moisture susceptibility and enhanced mechanical properties. Case studies are presented that show that satisfactory performance has been observed where Bitumen Stabilised Limestone (BSL) is used as a basecourse under heavily trafficked roads. The paper provides a construction methodology and discusses barriers and future opportunities. Two structural design approaches are presented for the use of BSL under sprayed seals and thin asphalt surfacings.