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Load Settlement Performance Of Two Towers
Redevelopment of the south bank of the Yarra River in Melbourne comprises eight multi level residential towers and a number of other related structures. Two of the towers experienced problems during installation of their piled foundations that might have led to increased settlements if left unremediated. This paper describes the foundation problems that arose and the methods used to assess the potential settlement of the towers. On the basis of these estimates additional piling works were required for one of the towers. The foundations for the other tower were considered to be satisfactory. Settlement monitoring carried out during construction of the towers showed excellent agreement with settlement estimates and justified the decisions made.
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Reliability of the linear correlation of Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Tunnelling Quality Index (Q)
With the advent of the RMR and Q classification methods for underground excavation support design, a linear correlation between the two methods was suggested by linear regression analysis of the data obtained from several case studies. The data used in deriving the relationship was widely scattered and the range of values covered by the 90% confidence limits demonstrated that the relationship had very little practical value. In subsequent publications, the 90% confidence limits were omitted when referring to the relationship. Consequently, some practitioners in the field of rock engineering assumed that this relationship, expressed as a semi logarithmic equation, is universally applicable for transforming the ratings assigned by one system to the ratings of the other. This assumption is erroneous and deserves scrutiny. This paper reviews some of the relevant published information and illustrates that there is no sound scientific basis to assume a universally applicable linear relationship between the two.
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Some Relationships Between Shrink-swell Index, Liquid Limit, Plasticity Index, Activity And Free Swell Index
Many laboratory experimental methods have been proposed to measure soil reactivity, some methods leading to direct measurement whilst other methods propose indirect estimations. Reactivity measurements based on plasticity properties appear to be commonly used and preferred over many other methods in the identification of soil expansivity, which may be due to the simplicity and easiness of test procedure. In this study, volume change potentials of several clay soil samples, containing different percentages of montmorillonite clay, are evaluated using shrink-swell index (Iss), indirect estimations based on liquid limit (LL), plasticity index (PI), activity (A) and a new approach based on free swell index (FSI). The analysis of test results presented in this paper shows that FSI could be a satisfactory indicator for the classification of the volume change potential of clayey soils.
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Application of Volumetric Runout Methods for Structurally Controlled Highwall Failures
Highwall failures in open cut coal mines are often structurally controlled. Such failures are often brittle in nature which elevates the safety risk for operations below, requiring accurate assessment of exclusion or standoff distances to prevent near misses or injury to plant and personnel. Runout estimation in the open cut coal industry is typically based on empirical methods. However, volumetric methods for runout estimation are used extensively in the hard rock mining industry. This paper reviews the applicability of these methods for structurally controlled highwall failures using case studies from BHP coal mine sites and literature. The findings indicate that volumetric methods are typically more reliable than existing empirical correlations and provide a method to quantitatively assess the failure consequence during wall optimisation.
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Development of Computer Code to Optimise the Production of Hydrographs in Sydney, Australia
Long term groundwater level monitoring has been conducted in support of the environmental impact statement (EIS) prepared for the WestConnex M4-M5 Link project (RMS, 2017). The M4-M5 Link will connect two predominately underground twin drained motorway tunnels and multiple interchanges which will be excavated from the Hawkesbury Sandstone and Ashfield Shale. In order to assess the impacts of the tunnels and associated infrastructure on the local groundwater systems, a groundwater level baseline data set is being developed to characterise natural seasonal and tidal variations in the existing hydrogeological regimes.
A network of data loggers have been installed in groundwater wells screened in alluvium, Ashfield Shale and Hawkesbury Sandstone and are programmed to monitor groundwater levels through hydrostatic pressure fluctuations at an hourly interval. Barometric monitoring was also undertaken to correct for atmospheric pressure variations. Due to the large amount of data generated by the project and the shortcomings of Microsoft Excel as a streamlined graphing tool, innovation was required on the traditional method of using Excel for data analysis. As such, a custom R code was created to automate the process of hydrograph generation. The code imports folders of raw data logger files, barometrically corrects the data, identifies the groundwater well location of each raw data logger file, matches each file to the manually recorded standing water levels, and converts the groundwater level to m AHD from the raw pressure files. The code then produces hydrographs, plotting the reduced standing water levels against rainfall, exporting a fully formatted combined PDF of each hydrograph. This process significantly reduces the time spent on data manipulation and graphing and the potential for human error during the data manipulation phase.
This visualisation of the data has allowed groundwater trends within the measured time to be observed, including the tidal and rainfall dependant nature of recharge. In the Hawkesbury Sandstone, groundwater fluctuations shown in the hydrographs display a high correlation with rainfall patterns observed over the monitoring period. The alluvium is primarily controlled by local recharge and discharge conditions within the measured time. Several hydrographs also show tidal oscillations, suggesting hydraulic connections with nearby canals, creeks and Sydney Harbour. The creation of this data processing code has greatly reduced the time required for data manipulation in assessing groundwater patterns in the area of the M4-M5 Link WestConnex project. For other large groundwater monitoring projects, investing time early in the development of data processing codes could add similar benefits.
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Review of utilisation of copper slag in highway construction
Due to our booming infrastructure development many waste materials are generated. Traditional materials like fly ash, plastic waste, marble chips etc. are used in highway construction. Copper slag which is produced during the smelting process of copper contains materials like iron, alumina, calcium oxide, silica, etc. For every tonne of metal production about 2.2 tonne of slag is generated. Total generation of copper slag is about 24.6 million tonne throughout the world. Disposal of these huge quantities of slag causes environmental problems. The utilization of such waste materials in road construction is of significant importance. During past decades attempts have been made by several investigators all over the world to explore the possible utilization of copper slag. The bulk utilization of these wastes not only solves the disposal problem of the industries but also protects the environment. This paper discusses the physical, chemical and geotechnical properties of copper slag. Copper slag has also been mixed with local soil in different proportions and the different geotechnical properties have been investigated.
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Influence of trees on expansive soils in Melbourne
In Australia, distortions of residential buildings caused by tree drying settlement have been widely reported, particularly in areas of expansive or reactive soils. The paper presents the results of two major projects dealing with trees and expansive clay soils in the Melbourne Metropolitan area. The first project is the long-term field study of the effects of trees on the performance of a building, soil moisture patterns and ground movement in basaltic clay. The second project is a case study of a residential house damaged by expansive soil movement due to tree root drying. In this field study the sap flow rate of a tree was seen to be closely correlated with solar radiation. It was also observed that the soil moisture content profile near the tree was significantly lower than that away from the tree. The findings of the second study clearly indicated that trees, growing in close proximity to a house could cause more severe damage to the buildings than the expected moisture changes due to seasonal effects and re-distribution of soil moisture arising from construction on the site.
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The Significance of Raft Flexibility in Pile Group and Piled Raft Design
An important aspect of the design of pile groups and piled rafts is the checking of axial loads, lateral loads and bending moments in each of the piles to ensure that they are structurally sound, but most commercially available pile analysis programs assume that the raft or pile cap is rigid. This paper explores the importance of taking the flexibility of the pile cap into account in making assessments of the load and moment distributions. The case of a hypothetical soil profile is considered first and then the case of a super tall building in Korea is considered. The differences between the computed axial loads for a rigid raft and for the actual raft thickness are presented, and it is shown that consideration of the actual thickness of the raft is essential to avoid having to design for unrealistically large loads in the outer piles within the group.