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51st Rankine Lecture – Geotechnical Stability Analysis
Professor Scott W Sloan, University of Newcastle
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Impacts Of Fracturing Caused By Valley Formation And Pillar Collapse On The Hunter Expressway Project
The Hunter Expressway is a new government funded dual carriageway motorway built to relieve congestion between Newcastle and Thornton, Maitland and Rutherford. The expressway is continuous over 40 km between the F3 at Seahampton and Branxton. The easternmost 13 km between the F3 and Kurri Kurri is being built by the Hunter Expressway Alliance (HEA), comprising constructors Thiess and designers Parsons Brinckerhoff and Hyder Consulting partnering with NSW Roads and Maritime Services (RMS). A solution was required to manage the risk of mine subsidence under the viaduct and bridge foundations. The solution used was to fill the mine voids out to a distance of half the seam depth.
The extent and depth of the mine voids and related subsidence fractures was required before treating the voids. First assessment was to complete a detailed geological long section of key existing boreholes. Following this, further boreholes with video camera footage were made to assess the mine workings. The footage, with GIS, was used to map and correlate pillar and roadway networks with existing mining surveys, to accurately determine the volume of mining space to grout. After grouting, 140 validation holes were made to assess if the mine voids had been filled successfully. The assessment of video footage also helped the geological and geotechnical assessment of abutment structures on the viaducts as there were numerous joints and fractures. With mapping, and from assessing the videos, the team could decide whether these fractures were formed by earlier tectonic events, stress relief due to valley formation, or mine subsidence.
The fractures are differentiated by their source โ stress relief fractures related to valley formation, fractures caused by pillar collapse, and fractures related to tectonic joint/fault systems. The valley-forming fractures were found in an upper sandstone layer (Figure 3). These fractures are consistent in the three viaducts where bridge abutments have been exposed. The fractures caused by pillar collapse were found in a sandstone layer about 40 m above the mined horizon, between two coal bearing layers.
There were several outcomes from the work done. It has been demonstrated video camera monitoring can play a significant role in mining and geotechnical applications, and have a positive impact on time and budget-related issues.
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Settlement behaviour of deep engineered fill former basalt quarry, Niddrie, Victoria
The Valley Lake Project involved the rehabilitation of a former basalt quarry for residential development. Prior to rehabilitation, the quarry was partially filled with stockpiles of waste rock and overburden materials and a lake had formed in the quarry base. Rehabilitation involved the removal and processing of approximately 2.4 million cubic metres of stockpiled fill for placement as engineered fill, the creation of a feature lake and stabilisation of existing quarry walls.
The project encompassed many geotechnical challenges including the development of a strategy to engineer deep fill platforms using Quaternary age Newer Volcanics material varying from high plasticity basaltic clays to weathered basalt rock with boulders up to 3 m in size. Critical to the residential housing development was the settlement behaviour of the engineered fill, particularly with regard to the performance of shallow footings founded on a fill thickness of up to about 35 m.
This paper presents the results of monitoring of settlement plates installed within the fill profile. The results of the settlement monitoring show the behaviour of the various fill materials during construction, post-construction and during the recovery of groundwater levels within the fill.
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Hydrogeology of the Melbourne Area
The hydrogeology of the Melbourne Area is complex. The area includes the Tertiary Port Phillip Basin and the underlying and surrounding older predominantly Siluro-Ordovician bedrock and Devonian granitic rocks. The Port Phillip Basin contains a system of aquifers separated by aquitards. The aquifers are varyingly hydraulically interconnected. The Werribee and Bridgewater formations are the most productive aquifers. Important aquifers occur in the Brighton Group, basalts of both the Older Volcanics and Newer Volcanics, and deltaic deposits of the Werribee and Yarra rivers.
Knowledge of groundwater occurrence, aquifer types and hydraulic parameters, and groundwater chemistry is critical for most if not all civil engineering projects. This paper provides an overview of the hydrogeology of the Melbourne area. The location of major aquifers (and aquitards) is broadly mapped, aquifer types are identified and hydraulic parameters and groundwater chemistry in the different hydrostratigraphic units summarized. It is emphasized that the information provided is very generalized and that more detailed information based on local and site specific investigations are required to fully assess the impact of groundwater on proposed civil engineering projects and the impact of proposed projects on groundwater.
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Philippines landslide: Geotechnical assessment
A major landslide struck the village of Guinsaugon, Southern Leyte Province, on Friday 17 February 2006. The Philippine authorities estimate that some 1100 people were killed, including over 250 children and their teachers in the village school. About 140 of the dead have been accounted for and the remainder are registered as missing. Nineteen survivors were rescued from the toe of the landslip.
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Numerical modelling of ground movement under covered areas
Rigorous design of interactive slab-ground foundation systems on expansive soils remains as a challenge for both practitioners and researchers. Attempts to solve these problems in a generalized way usually involve substantial approximations and have limited success. In this paper, a simple soil behaviour model is adapted into a new finite element formulation. The success of the approach is evaluated by comparing predicted foundation movements with those measured at the Maryland expansive soils field site. In particular, the computed vertical displacements are compared with field measurements. The numerical solutions are generally in good agreement with the observed data.
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An unusual geological feature encountered in the Anthony Headrace Tunnel of the Hydro-Electric Corporation of Tasmania
The Anthony Power Development of Hydro Tasmania diverts westward flowing rivers on the west coast of Tasmania into the eastward flowing Anthony River and thus into the upper reaches of Hydro Tasmaniaโs Pieman River Power Development. From a reservoir on the Anthony River this diverted water flows through a headrace tunnel to an underground power station. Water from this power station is discharged through a tailrace tunnel into Lake Murchison in the Pieman Development. The Anthony Power Development was completed in 1994 and was the last major hydroelectric development built by the then Hydro-Electric Commission. Completion of the headrace tunnel for this development was delayed when a large underground reservoir of water was encountered. This paper describes the investigation of this unusual geological feature and the modifications that were required to the layout of the tunnel in order that excavation could be completed.
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Deep Excavations In Soft Ground Using Temporary Structural Steelwork
In many city areas, ground anchors and soil nails cannot be used for deep excavation retention in soft ground for various reasons. The solution is often braced excavations involving temporary structural steelwork, serving multiple functions, like strutting, waling, lagging, traffic and construction decking. Based on the authorโs design and supervision experience on underground metro station, rail, expressway and commercial mall projects, this paper discusses the design, construction and monitoring of steelwork applications in deep excavation environments.
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Soft ground improvement by vacuum assisted preloading
This paper describes the behaviour of soft soil foundation stabilized with vacuum-assisted preloading at the New Bangkok International Airport, Thailand. An analytical solution considering the variation of soil permeability and compressibility and a finite element analysis based on an equivalent plane strain model developed by the authors are employed to investigate the performance of the test embankment. The converted equivalent plane strain parameters are incorporated in the finite element code ABAQUS. The associated settlement, excess pore pressure and lateral movement are predicted and compared with the available field measurements. The data indicate that the efficiency of the prefabricated vertical drains depends on the magnitude and distribution of vacuum pressure as well as on the extent of air leak protection provided in practice. The height of sand surcharge and consolidation time are significantly reduced in comparison with the conventional method of surcharge alone. The effectiveness of this method, its economies and its merit potential are also discussed.