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Thornthwaite Moisture Index And Climate Zones In The Northern Territory
The Thornthwaite Moisture Index (TMI) is an established climate parameter for geotechnical engineers to categorise a site and enable estimation of seasonal ground movements associated with soil moisture changes. TMI assessment and mapping for the Northern Territory are presented, using the TMI calculation method commonly used for similar recent studies elsewhere in Australia. The assessment included the analysis of 17 sites within the Northern Territory and one site in Queensland which has enabled development of Climate Zone classifications. Climate data was obtained from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology to calculate the TMI on a ‘year by year’ basis over a target period of 29 years (1990 to 2019). Related work in Queensland (Fox 2002) and Western Australia (Hu et al, 2016) has guided the development of the Northern Territory Climate Zone Map. Further work is required to characterise the soil moisture behaviour in arid zones. A general lack of guidance in AS2870 (2011) for arid areas, including much of the Northern Territory, could be addressed with further research and development.
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Sustainability Considerations For Ground Improvement Technique Using Controlled Modulus Columns
Sustainability is becoming an ever more important consideration for the selection of ground improvement methods on construction projects around the world. When considering this criterion, the controlled modulus column (CMC) technology emerges as one of the relatively novel technologies that are capable to deliver valuable and sustainable outcomes. CMC installation is a vibration free process and produces very limited soil cuttings, making CMC suitable for improvement of soft ground, contaminated sites and ones adjacent to sensitive structures. Besides, CMC uses grout only without the use of steel reinforcement; hence carbon footprint estimated for CMC is generally lower than those for traditional piling techniques. Besides these valuable aspects, it is believed that this technology can still be advanced to contribute more to the sustainable development, owing to ongoing research works and practical experience. This paper summarises the key sustainability aspects of using CMC technology and highlights some potential aspects for further development. Future research directions are discussed to enhance sustainable design practice. These include general discussions on the issues of economic design with trial field tests, the use of recycled industrial by-products for grout mix, improved design, maximising the resiliency of structures and the energy consumption. The CMC installation effects on the surrounding soils and environment are also discussed sensibly in this paper.
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Modelling brittle fracture in weak rock with the bonded block method, from laboratory to tunnel scale
This paper presents results from a series of 3D bonded block models of weak rock with properties based on the Ashfield Shale in Sydney, NSW. The bonded block method is a subset of the discrete element method, where intact rock can be represented using an assembly of 2D polygons or 3D polyhedra with strong, stiff contacts. Results from a series of numerical UCS, triaxial, and direct tension tests confirm that the micro-scale breakage of block contacts can accurately reproduce laboratory scale brittle fracture behaviour. The laboratory simulation results are used to develop a tunnel scale bonded block model that explores the Voussoir beam analogue for flat roofed tunnels, with focus on the role of brittle fracture in progressive roof yielding. A simplified synthetic rock mass is constructed by embedding horizontal, cohesionless bedding discontinuities into a bonded block assembly. The bedding discontinuities promote delamination of shale beds and shear failure of bonded block contacts.
By adding rockbolts to the roof, several discrete beds can be stitched together to behave as a thicker equivalent beam. Rockbolt reinforcement inhibits fracture initiation and propagation, helping the rock mass to retain its inherent cohesion and tensile strength and establish a stable compression arch in the roof. The results demonstrate that the bonded block approach can help us to better understand the influence of ground support on progressive brittle fracture for tunnels in weak, horizontally bedded rock like the Ashfield Shale.
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Supporting Innovative Design and Construction
Innovation is at the core of the engineering profession. Innovation is driven largely by the need to increase efficiency, reduce costs, or respond to increasing complexity. In today’s context, these drivers appear to be converging, with efficiency, cost and increased complexity almost a baseline for all projects, and the impacts of climate change, sustainability and the circular economy a significant influence on the future of transport infrastructure. To seek the benefits of innovation on transport infrastructure projects, Major Road Projects Victoria’s (MRPV) aims to facilitate the minimisation and removal of barriers and obstacles to innovation. The barriers to innovation include a risk-adverse culture, limited capacity and capability of resources (both within industry and government), leadership, regulatory requirements and a bureaucratic culture, and rewards and incentives for the implementation of innovation. Through a series of new initiatives, this presentation will outline how MRPV is supporting innovation in design and construction of major road projects in Victoria. To address barriers associated with risk-aversion and capacity, MRPV have implemented a new delivery model that focuses on a program of projects with incentives for innovative solutions. For barriers associated with leadership, regulatory requirements and bureaucratic culture, MRPV is leading a program of modernising and updating standards and specifications including trialling intelligent compaction, and creating of a new technical specific for recycled organics.
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Ground truth, control and design of driven piles: implementing old ways with a new twist
Piling design and verification is a fraught and risky business. The spread of pile capacity estimates submitted to conference predictions exercises is often staggering and sobering. This underlines why design of driven piles does not stop at the design engineer’s desk but continues through construction, and relies on the valuable information provided by the installation process. Each installation blow is a test – a test of the ground response to hammer input delivered into the pile. Traditionally, pile capacity has been interpreted from this input-response relationship through various and many pile driving formulae. Five decades ago, measurement systems were first used to measure and interpret the stress waves in piles generated from the hammer inputs and reflected from the ground response to infer capacity in a more sophisticated and reliable way using wave mechanics principles. Today, PDA testing and wave matching are routinely accepted practice. However, each PDA test has direct relevance only to the individual pile which is tested. This paper will argue that our fundamental task as designers and supervisors is to establish ground truth, by synthesizing the results of PDA tests into a locally-evidenced and locally-targeted dynamic formula. Therefore, only dynamic formulae, properly modified and correlated,mustbethevehiclefordeliveringlocalgroundtruthandultimatelybeingthebasisforsign-off. On a foundation-wide basis, the role of PDA tests is critical but subservient, and principally to provide the evidence on which a correlated dynamic formula is developed. Consequent implications for the foundation sign-off process, and for a proposed new approach to establishing capacity reduction factors for driven piles will also be discussed.
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Development and application of models for the stability analysis of Australia’s offshore pipelines
Offshore subsea pipelines are used to export oil and gas from the field to platform and then from the platform to the mainland. As they are the sole conduit for the hydrocarbons their stability and integrity are of critical economic and environmental importance. With more than 80 per cent of Australia’s gas resources in deep, remote, offshore areas, the ability to realise their full potential relies on the development of safe and economically viable solutions to transport them. Pipelines offshore of Australia must maintain structural integrity and continuous supply of products across hundreds of kilometres of seabed. This paper discusses one aspect of this challenge. It concentrates on how to design for stability of untrenched pipelines under storm conditions. Force balance methods commonly applied are first described before the benefits of using a dynamic time domain approach are shown by way of example. Novel macroelement plasticity models that describe the force-displacement behaviour of a vertically and laterally loaded pipe in Australian soils are outlined. Their application is shown in the design example.
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Development And Application Of Models For The Stability Analysis Of Australia’s Offshore Pipelines
Offshore subsea pipelines are used to export oil and gas from the field to platform and then from the platform to the mainland. As they are the sole conduit for the hydrocarbons their stability and integrity are of critical economic and environmental importance. With more than 80 per cent of Australia’s gas resources in deep, remote, offshore areas, the ability to realise their full potential relies on the development of safe and economically viable solutions to transport them. Pipelines offshore Australia must maintain structural integrity and continuous supply of products across hundreds of kilometres of seabed. This paper discusses one aspect of this challenge. It concentrates on how to design for stability of untrenched pipelines under storm conditions. Force balance methods commonly applied are first described before the benefits of using a dynamic time domain approach are shown by way of example. Novel macroelement plasticity models that describe the force-displacement behaviour of a vertically and laterally loaded pipe in Australian soils are outlined. Their application is shown in the design example.
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Comparison Of Mohr-Coulomb And Hardening Soil Constitutive Models For Simulation Of Settlements In The Karkheh Earth Dam
This paper presents the settlement behaviour of Karkheh earth dam during its construction and operation stages. Karkheh is one of the largest earth dams in the world in terms of its reservoir capacity and body volume. The settlement of such a large body of soil can affect the performance of the dam elements and endanger downstream areas; should a breach or failure occur in the dam, more than two million people will be affected. It is crucial to know the settlement behaviour of this structure and use the existing results to predict its future settlements and calibrate the existing stress- strain models. For anticipation of dam settlement the measured displacement from the portable probe anchor magnets installed in the dam body are compared to the results of numerical simulations. The available data cover a period of 12 years including construction, and two material impounding andoperation periods of the dam. The numerical analysis is performed in 2D plane-strain conditions and two material models are used, including Mohr- Coulomb (MC) and Hardening Soil (HS) models. The comparison between the calculation results and the measured vertical deformations in the dam site reveals that the accuracy of model for the deformations in the middle levels of dam is better than those of the crest for both applied material models in construction and impounding stages. The maximum settlement differences between computed and observed values are 0.05 m for MC model and 0.01 m for HS model. For the operation stage, the error of calculated settlements for the MC model is smaller; hence the results of this model might be more reliable for prediction of future dam settlements. The similar trends, obtained from both material models, exhibit the suitability of the model parameters used in the simulations.
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Collaborations In Geotechnical Engineering: Lessons From The Ballina Bypass And The National Soft Soil Field Testing Facility
Collaboration assists both academics and industry partners to achieve innovations, scientific advancement, and maintain technical competencies. The Ballina Bypass is used here to demonstrate collaboration via an Australian Research Council (ARC) Linkage project on vacuum consolidation, and to discuss how the lessons learned from the Ballina Bypass led to establishing a national facility in Ballina to field test soft soils. The outcomes of the work at the field testing facility have been transferred back to the industry via an international numerical prediction symposium. The project background, roles, and responsibilities of researchers and industry members are discussed and explained, as are the innovative outcomes, stakeholder benefits, and cultural impacts.
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Collaboration Of Refurbishment Of Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMS) For The KVMRT Putrajaya Line
Riding on experience and lessons learned from the previous SMART tunnel in Kuala Lumpur, Gamuda collaborated with Herrenknecht (equipment manufacturer) and Ruhr University to develop a safe tunnelling method in order to tackle the challenging Karstic Limestone on the Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit (KVMRT) Kajang Line (Line 1). Hence, the world’s first Variable Density (VD) TBM was developed. VD TBM uses high-density slurry mixes (HDSM) to provide excavation face support preventing sinkhole and blow outs. The innovative breakthrough had successfully reduced occurrence of incidents in Line 1. Overall, six VD and four Earth Pressure Balance (EPB) were used.
For the Putrajaya Line (Line 2), eight TBMs from Kajang Line were refurbished and upgraded with four additional TBMs ordered from Herrenknecht. Gamuda’s collaboration with Herrenknecht expanded vastly with the TBM refurbishment works. The refurbishment was carried out locally with the intention to grow the local industry and bring in global experts to upskill the local workers through knowledge and technology transfer. Gamuda and Herrenknecht explored and worked with local companies such as Waiko Engineering Works to manufacture and source TBM parts locally. The refurbishment works were successful as all TBMs had completed mining through various mixed geologies namely Karstic Limestone, Granite and Kenny Hill formations without major incidents or significant delays.
This paper discusses Gamuda’s collaboration efforts with the project Client, Herrenknecht (equipment manufacturer), Ruhr University (research academics) and Waiko Engineering (local industry) for the refurbishment works and actual findings from Line 2. Recommendations based on the findings were also presented for reference in future works.