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Proceedings of the 2015 Sydney Chapter Symposium
This page contains papers for the 19th annual symposium organised by the Sydney Chapter of the Australian Geomechanics Society and the NSW branch of the International Association of Hydrogeologists. It is hoped that the symposium will keep practicing geotechnical engineers, engineering geologists, hydrogeologists and other engineering professionals informed of recent developments in this field. It also recognises the need to gather together the experience of those practicing throughout Australia and to allow transfer of knowledge and sharing of their experiences.
These symposia continue to be one of the best forms for bringing together the key stakeholders of the Australian geological, geotechnical and groundwater community. The main objective of the symposium, held on 13 November 2015, is to advance the knowledge in design and construction towards safer excavations, more cost effective shoring practices, accurate groundwater modelling and better management of groundwater issues in urban and infrastructure environment.
Contributors include academics, practicing consultants, designers, suppliers and contractors. The papers present novel design and construction technologies for the performance monitoring and prediction of groundwater flow in excavations, groundwater management, the state-of-the-art practices, innovative technologies as well as new research results and case histories on construction.
This symposium is the cooperative effort of many authors and qualified reviewers. The editors and organising committee wish to thank the authors, who have generously contributed their time to prepare the various papers and the colleagues of the authors, who have assisted with time, secretarial, drafting and other facilities. Appreciation is also extended to our sponsors for their support. Without them the Symposium would not be possibly the best ongoing forum for the Australian Geomechanics and groundwater community.
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Evaluation Of The Water Retention Curves Of Cement- Bentonite Cut-off Wall Materials
Filter Paper, Dynamic Vapour Sorption and Vapour Equilibrium Methods were used to investigate cement-bentonite (CB) materials unsaturated properties. These measurement methods provide an insight into the potential for self-desiccation of CB materials and their ability to uptake and release of moisture. The current paper shows that the type and mineralogy of bentonite play a role in CB mixture performance criteria (i.e., workability/mechanical properties) and water retention behaviour. It was observed that the presence of a polymer in CB materials impaired the slurry performance criteria and water retention properties. The air entry value (AEV) was high in the CB mixture with a higher percentage of silica, and it slightly increased with time due to a pozzolanic reaction. It is believed that the chemical interaction between cement and bentonite is directly responsible for the formation of the CB internal structure matrix that affects its unsaturated behaviour.
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A review of wave transmitting boundaries used in numerical modelling
Wave transmitting boundaries are used to truncate an infinite domain when analysing soil-structure interaction problems involving wave propagation using dynamic finite element analysis procedures. This facilitates analysing a problem in an infinite domain considering a finite domain with boundaries, which has the ability to absorb the waves propagating away from the finite domain without reflecting them. Simulating proper non-reflective conditions at the boundaries during a finite element analysis is therefore vital for the accuracy of numerical solutions. Numerous approaches have been introduced to simulate non-reflecting boundary conditions in the past few decades and the accuracy or the capacity to absorb waves propagating into these boundaries has improved over the years. This paper presents a review of wave transmitting boundaries found in the literature. The performance of several wave transmitting boundaries is investigated by simulating them using the finite element program ABAQUS.
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Characterizing mine tailings for geotechnical design
Mine tailings are ground up rock and generally consist of sand and silt size particles, without clay minerals. Tailings “storage” (actually disposal) facilities are some of the largest constructed works, with seismic design an integral component. High value mines are frequently in earthquake prone areas and tailings liquefaction is an ever-present concern. A screening level liquefaction assessment based on the CPTu is a needed first step, but cannot be accurate because the fines content of tailings can be high, and engineering behaviour is only loosely related to fines content. An engineering mechanics based procedure is laid out in this paper which is applicable regardless of the fines content. It is anchored to the eighty year old principles of critical state soil mechanics originated by the Corp of Engineers. The state parameter provides the practical engineer an entry to this framework, as well as insight into a simple stability principle that sets the strategy for a tailings characterization project aimed at the analyses that a tailings engineer needs. The approach requires systematic in situ and laboratory testing to determine the soil mechanics properties of the tailings.
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Design and Installation of Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit Mooring Piles Using Innovative Drive-Drill-Drive Techniques
The North West Shelf, which is Australia’s largest offshore oil and gas province, is well known for the engineering challenges posed by the calcareous seabed sediments present and its exposure to extreme weather associated with tropical cyclones. Mobile and fixed platforms are used to tap into the hydrocarbon reserves and these need to be secured to the seabed using substantial foundations and anchors, which must resist onerous cyclic loads. This paper describes a project where an innovative drive-drill-drive installation approach was adopted to enable the installation of twenty-four anchor piles to moor a mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU) at two drilling sites. The two sites encompassed a wide range of complex seabed geologies, from high strength limestones to uncemented silts, where conventional drag anchors or driven anchor piles would not prove entirely suitable. Installation was carried out using a dynamically-positioned vessel, oper- ated by Fugro, on which an inventive purpose-built drilling tower had been erected specifically for the project. The in- stallation also included development and deployment of an ingenious seabed frame that could grip and release the piles progressively, plus casings to temporarily stabilise the drilled holes from collapsing sands. This project provides an ex- cellent example of how multidisciplinary collaboration can embrace innovative solutions to successfully deliver complex projects safely, on budget and to an accelerated schedule.
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Geotechnical Variability: In the Ground and Throughout a Career
This paper presents three aspects of geotechnical engineering research that have been conducted throughout the author’s career and concludes with a brief treatment of the use of physical models in teaching. The first research topic deals with quantifying the large-scale spatial variability of the Keswick Clay in Adelaide by means of undrained shear strength data acquired from several private consulting companies and government departments, incorporating a large number of site investigations. The mathematical technique of geostatistics is used, and it is observed that kriging with a spherical model, with a range of influence of 1000 m, a nugget of 1500 kPa2, and a sill of 2500 kPa2, is able to generate good estimates of the undrained shear strength of the Keswick Clay that can be used for preliminary design purposes. Secondly, the ground improvement technique of rolling dynamic compaction (RDC) is examined in the field and in the laboratory, and numerically by means of artificial neural networks (ANNs). It is observed that RDC is able to improve the ground to depths in excess of 3 m, and the use of transparent soils in the laboratory provides useful insights regarding the influence of RDC on the subsurface profile. In addition, ANNs facilitate the development of reliable models for the prediction of the level of ground improvement due to RDC. The third and final research topic presented involves ground improvement on the Moon. It is a work-in-progress, and early results are presented in this fascinating and exciting endeavour. The paper concludes with a brief treatment of the use of three different physical models used in teaching. It is observed that incorporating demonstrations involving physical models in teaching is helpful for enhancing student learning and engagement.
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Opportunities For Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering Practice: Two Case Studies From Australia
Geotechnical design elements are major consumers of energy and natural resources in civil and infrastructure projects. However, by applying appropriate levels of engineering and investigation, opportunities exist for more sustainable and resilient solutions that better understand the ground and geo-structure characteristics. This paper presents two project examples from Australia to illustrate such opportunities.
The first example is a residential complex development project proposed over a reclaimed land with underlying soft marine deposits in Sydney. An advanced site investigation revealed an opportunity to use preload and surcharge ground improvement methodology instead of the initially proposed extensive piled slabs. The earthworks were nearly completed, and geotechnical monitoring confirmed the design assumption. A project-specific earthwork specification was developed, considering the site won material characteristics and performance requirements of different zones of earthworks. Through collaboration between the designer and contractor, most of the site-won material could be used in specified zones of the earthworks on site, with or without treatment, without compromising the performance requirement.
The second example is a major new highway project, where value engineering led to a review of the concept design bridge foundations, retention systems, and site investigation results. Alternative structure types and amendments to the earthwork specification were recommended and justified by the local road authority. The proposed changes significantly reduced the construction cost and carbon footprint of the project, making it viable for ministerial approval. The paper presents a comparison of the CO emissions between the alternative solutions proposed and those initially considered, highlighting the contributions made in these projects to global and local sustainability goals.
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Compatibility Of Some Compacted Victorian Soils With Organic Chemicals And Waste Leachates
Compacted soil liners are used as hydraulic barriers in waste containment facilities to reduce the rate of pollution migration from the waste into ground water. It is imperative for these liners to have low hydraulic conductivity, preferably less than 10 −9 m/s, over the design time span of these facilities. During the assessment of a particular soil for liner construction, laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests with water are undertaken to examine whether the field compacted soil can achieve hydraulic conductivities less than the above value. However, in waste containment facilities, compacted soil liners come in contact with various chemical leachates, and it is possible that increases in hydraulic conductivity may result when compacted soils are permeated with some chemical liquids commonly found in leachates. It follows then that tests should be undertaken to assess the compatibility of these chemicals with the selected soil. It is generally considered that hydraulic conductivity tests with chemical leachate would provide direct evidence of the soil compatibility and is commonly undertaken as part of the design process of the facility.
The current paper covers the results of a study on the assessment of the compatibility of two Victorian soils using laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests. Hydraulic conductivity was measured with time permeating with water, leachate, methanol, and modified leachate using flexible wall permeameters (FWPs), consolidation cell permeameters (CCPs) and compaction mould permeameters (CMPs). The study indicates that the compatibility results are heavily dependent on the test method, and the commonly adopted flexible wall method does not usually produce significant change in the hydraulic conductivity whereas CCPs and CMPs produce considerable increases in hydraulic conductivity. The necessity for a better testing method is highlighted on the basis of these results. A new testing technique of zero lateral strain boundary condition was adopted and the results are presented for comparison.
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Connecting Geotechnical Investigations with Project Risk
It is often stated by geotechnical engineers that a project pays for a site investigation one way or another as a means of justifying a scope of work aimed at managing a project’s risk. This proposition is critically assessed through reviewing three case histories covering site investigations performed for design only, design and construct, public private partnership (PPP) and alliance contract models. An extensive site investigation was performed for the Ballina Bypass Alliance project. Most of the project risks were identified and managed. However, some risks were realised relating to detecting palaeochannels, variable subsurface topography, quantifying material parameters and coping with corestones. An extensive site investigation has been performed for the Snowy 2.0 project, but its scope has been limited by time and access constraints. Risk is managed through adoption of a geotechnical baseline report. Site investigations for Inland Rail for design only, design and construct and PPP contract models have been scoped and partially delivered. In addition, Inland Rail has developed an earthworks materials specification that can be varied to suit site characteristics. Integration of site investigations with the specification and design is shown to be key to controlling the major materials risk. Some thoughts about scoping an investigation to inform geotechnical risk when procuring a PPP are presented. Overall it is concluded that the geotechnical industry generally scopes investigations to adequately manage risk. Quality is shown to be as or more important than quantity. The critical importance of engineering geology for identification of potential risks is demonstrated thus allowing a focussed drilling and geophysics scope to be delivered. Challenges remain when communicating residual risk to stakeholders.
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The geomorphology of the Perth region, Western Australia
An overview of the geomorphology of the wider Perth region is presented in the context of issues relevant to geotechnical engineering. The region is divided into the erosional terrains of the Darling Scarp and the Cenozoic depositional landforms of the coastal plain. Attention is drawn to claims of possible neotectonic activity associated with the Darling Fault, and the likely geomorphological expression of recent events. The soil, geomorphological and stratigraphic divisions of the Cenozoic coastal deposits are discussed, and the importance of the Tamala Limestone is stressed. The stratigraphic and geomorphological details of the coastal sequences are provided and evaluated in the context of global Late Cenozoic sea-level events. The alluvial deposits of the coastal plain are described and an overview of the controls on deposition and the resultant alluvial architecture is provided. The stratigraphic architecture of both the coastal and alluvial deposits has important implications for hydrogeology and contaminant movement. In closing, the paper draws attention to specific geomorphological events and processes of direct relevance to geotechnical engineering, which may not have received sufficient attention.