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Logging of Core for Mining Purposes Introducing the New CoalLog Manual
Joe Gough, Insite Geology
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51st Rankine Lecture – Geotechnical Stability Analysis
Laureate Professor Scott Sloan
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Geotechnical Stability Analysis
51st Rankine Lecture 2011
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Foundation Design for Offshore Wind Turbines
2011 Géotechnique Lecture
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Consolidation behaviour of Deep Cement Mixed Column Improved Ground during breakage of soil-cement structure
This paper investigates the behaviour of deep cement mixed (DCM) column improved ground during the breakage of soil-cement structure and subsequent consolidation incorporating the strain softening behaviour of cement mixed soils beyond yield. Numerical simulations were carried out using an extended version of the Mohr-Coulomb model. The ability of the numerical model in replicating the breakage of soil-cement structure was investigated using the physical model tests reported by Horpibulsuk et al. (2012) considering single cement mixed columns embedded in soft Bangkok clay. Numerical results clearly show that the sudden increase in settlements observed during the physical tests at higher applied loads is due to breakage of soil-cement structure during strain softening. During the strain softening, loads previously supported by DCM columns are transferred to the surrounding soft clay and excess pore pressures generated within the soft clay had shown a significant increase. Using the same model, the consolidation behaviour of the improved ground is investigated by varying the permeability of columns with respect to the surrounding soil. Results show that DCM columns will improve the consolidation behaviour of improved ground even when the column permeability is less than the permeability of surrounding clay due to higher coefficient of consolidation of columns compared to soft clay.
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Pilbara Cenozoic detrital sequences and associated geohazards
This paper presents two potential geohazards associated with Cenozoic detrital sequences in Western Australia’s Pilbara region.
The first considers carbonate rich calcrete layers, often reflecting the position of historic and current water tables. Observations of geochemistry of the calcrete layers compared with textural features in the resulting rock suggests a link between CaO, MgO and Loss on Ignition (LOI) abundance and the likelihood of cavities existing.
Geohazards in the form of sinkhole or doline formation may result from changes to groundwater by dewatering for mining or town-water extraction. Contributing factors that increase this likelihood are high water flow, presence of dispersive soils in the blanketing layer, a geochemical signature of >20% CaO in the calcrete and commensurate thicknesses of the calcrete layer (and potential void space) and the blanketing layer.
Relic rock slides have been recognised in several detrital valleys in the southern Pilbara and represent the second potential geohazard. The slides appear to represent a specific marker horizon in the detrital stratigraphy, attributed to a high rainfall, global warming climatic event in the Miocene. The slides consist of large rafted slabs/blocks of Archean bedrock with lesser cobbles and clasts of high strength rock. The voids between blocks are infilled with high plasticity, firm to hard kaolinitic clay, thought to be derived from subsequent lacustrine deposition. The preserved unit thickness varies from 10 to 80 m and can be buried by over 100 m of younger detritals.
The slides present a unique geohazard to mining operations, not simply due to the variability in rock mass strength which can impact slope design. A high variability in void and matrix size and distribution is noted, though size and distribution of these zones is typically too small to be “mapped” by infill drilling. The size is however sufficiently large to cause trafficability issues on haul roads.
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Full scale testing of ground remediation options for residential property repair following the Canterbury earthquakes
A series of full scale tests have been undertaken to assess the performance of ground strengthening methods to improve seismic performance of liquefiable soils in the Christchurch area. The tests used sequences of explosive charges to simulate seismic shaking at levels representative of SLS and ULS events and induced liquefaction and expulsion of sand. Monitoring included measurement of ground motion, pore pressure development and settlements.
The results have determined that the treatment of the upper crust by densification or cement stabilisation is an effective method of reducing settlements and preventing surface expulsion of liquefiable soil. Other options including deep soil mixing and a perimeter curtain wall were less effective but achieved the proposed design objectives and also have application.
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Utilization of fly ash in local Sarawakian peat soil stabilization
The present paper describes the utilization of fly ash (FA) for the purpose of soil stabilization of Sarawakian peat. The peat soil and FA samples were collected from Matang and Sejigkat thermal power station, respectively and tested in laboratory to evaluate their different physical and geotechnical properties mainly compaction, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and the California bearing ratio (CBR) test. Different physical properties of peat soil and fly ash samples play an important role in the process of enhancing the strength of peat soil. The results show that UCS value increases with the increase of FA and curing periods. The CBR values also increase with the increase of FA at 96 hours soaking period. The results also demonstrate that, the UCS and CBR values were slightly decreased after addition of 20% FA. Therefore, locally available waste FA can be utilized with local peat for stabilization purposes which will reduce the disposal problem.
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Case history: Southern seawater desalination plant diaphragm wall construction
This paper provides a case history of Diaphragm Wall construction at the Southern Desalination plant. GFWA were contracted on a construct only basis by the Southern Sea Water Alliance (SSWA), to install the Diaphragm Walls forming the Intake Pump Station. Construction was carried out between September 2009 and April 2010. 38 No. 1.0m thick heavily reinforced diaphragm wall panels were installed to depths of 25.0m in variable ground conditions, totalling 6,250 m2. 15 No. 2.8 x 1.0m Barrettes were also constructed to facilitate support of ancillary structures.
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Arching in ground improvement
In some soil improvement techniques, such as dynamic replacement, stone columns, controlled modulus columns, jet grouting, compaction grouting and deep soil mixing, the ground properties are enhanced by introducing columnar inclusions to the required depths. Regardless of the technique used it is evident that the stiffness of the in situ soft soil and the inclusions are not the same, and the load distribution between the columns and soil must be determined as part of the process of the ground improvement solution. The distribution of load is a function of a number of parameters. This paper will discuss the mechanism of load transfer in the ground, will review a number of techniques for determining the stress and load distribution and will identify the parameters that affect the load distribution between the soil and columns.