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A comparison of inferred CBR test results on ‘Perth Sands’
This paper presents a comparison of inferred California Bearing Ratio (CBR) results obtained from a 4.5 kg Clegg Hammer, 20 kg Clegg Hammer, Perth Sand Penetrometer (PSP) and Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP). Fieldwork was undertaken on four occasions at three locations within the Perth metropolitan area, namely at Preston Beach (Safety Bay Sand), Muchea (Colluvial Sand), and twice at Cockburn (engineered fill and Tamala Sand, the name of the sand derived from the Tamala Limestone). CBR values were inferred and the results from the different pieces of field equipment compared. Overall, at the locations tested, the 4.5 kg Clegg Hammer gave results that produced higher inferred CBR values, whilst the PSP inferred lower CBR values, with the CBR values inferred from the DCP and 20 kg Clegg Hammer in between.
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Identification and treatment of areas susceptible to tunnel erosion
Tunnel erosion is a soil loss process that can lead to rapid and irreversible degradation of valuable land affecting both natural and man made landforms. Where natural landscapes are affected the value of grazing, farming and recreational land can be rapidly lost. In man-made landforms such as dam embankments or reclaimed land constructed as part of land restoration or urban development, the tunnels can be hazardous to the integrity of the landform, pose a risk of dam failure or cause a safety hazard to persons and vehicles.
This paper describes the characteristics of tunnel erosion as observed in a land development area in western Sydney and the measures used to identify and treat at-risk areas. The land affected is intended for residential development and had to be assessed in detail to determine whether remediation was required and, if so, then how this would be achieved. A Tunnel Erosion Identification Rating system and innovative test procedures were developed for the study that could have wider application other than just the affected landforms encountered in the study. Also, relationships were established that correlate chemical properties of the soil to the physical properties, thus reducing the need for expensive chemical testing of the soil.
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Advances in Ground Monitoring Techniques – A Surveyors Perspective
In essence ‘Surveying’ is simply the science of measuring positions on Earth. Surveying has been a key element in the development of the human environment since we stepped out of the caves. The relationship between surveying and geotechnical engineering principles arguably dates back just as far. There is a real synergy between these disciplines / professions that, in the main, is often not fully appreciated.
The core mathematical foundations upon which surveying is based are essentially unchanged. What has changed enormously over the centuries and dramatically over the past decade or two are the technologies available to Surveyors to aid them in measuring the ‘Earth’, and anything built on / in it.
This paper touches on a range of current survey measurement methodologies, some of which may be considered ‘tried and true’ traditional techniques along with a number of exciting newer technologies such as LiDAR (Light Distance and Ranging), DInSAR (Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar), GNSS* (Global Navigation Satellite System) based real-time 3D measurements, with particular attention given to drone (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle – UAV) based digital photogrammetry.
Like many measurement techniques, digital photogrammetry is a technological evolution of a well understood and developed traditional analogue approach. With the advent of laser scanning (LiDAR) measurement technologies in the late 1990’s, analogue photogrammetry rapidly fell out of favour for all but a few niche measurement applications. However, over the past few years there has been a dramatic shift back to ‘digital’ photogrammetry. This re-emergence has been facilitated by advances in digital photogrammetry autocorrelation algorithms, increases in computing power, relatively affordable PC based software solutions, digital SLR cameras and most recently, the development of commercially available drone (UAV) based digital camera systems. Modern digital photogrammetry solutions are now capable of very quickly capturing high resolution, high accuracy and generally high quality measurements with flexible outputs ideally suited to 3D surface modelling and measurement problems. These technical attributes in tandem with affordable digital cameras and modern UAV platforms has opened up a wide range of applications, many of which are in mining, engineering and monitoring fields.
More important than any particular measurement technology, effective survey monitoring, or any type of monitoring, starts with clearly understanding: what has to be measured (critical parameter(s)), how accurately it needs to be measured, and at what frequency are the measurements required? Only once these factors are crystal clear should we start to consider which technology or combination of measurement techniques is most suitable for the project. In many cases, an integrated approach utilizing a blend of ‘surveying’ and ‘geotechnical’ measurements will deliver the optimal monitoring strategy.
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Depressurisation Of The Cleveland St Underpass
Between May and July 2014 the Cleveland St Underpass on the Eastern Distributor, Sydney was successfully resurfaced using open grade asphalt some 15 years after motorway construction. To undertake this work required temporary depressurisation of the surrounding aquifer so that the motorway could be kept dry throughout the work period. Key to the project was rapid depressurisation such that works could be completed during night shift and within tight work hours dictated by RMS minimising disruption to one of Sydney’s busiest motorways. Surface monitoring of groundwater levels was also required to ensure the drawdown beneath adjacent structures was within acceptable limits established from review of construction records and historical data. The successful depressurisation of this section of the motorway was the culmination of 4 years of research, modelling, testing, permitting and monitoring. This paper describes the staged approach performed over 4 phases of investigation, testing and monitoring of the novel solution to dewatering that was utilised to make resurfacing possible.
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Engineering geomorphological models of the North-west Yilgarn, Western Australia
This paper presents a case study showing the use of geomorphology to generate design recommendations for linear engineering projects. Landform variations have been described for the Yilgarn Craton in early geomorphological studies of Western Australia, and in programmes of regolith mapping and landscape dating. These variations relate to patterns of tectonics, weathering, erosion and cementation. The paper provides three scales of ground models that capture the material, morphology, environmental history and natural processes of the study area. It also reviews the variation of laboratory test results within the framework of the ground models in order to illustrate the practical value of this approach.
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Insights into the seismic hazard of Western Australia
Western Australia (WA) is considered to be a region with a low seismic hazard. However, WA comprises two of the most seismically active regions in the Australian continent which are the northwest of WA and the South West Seismic Zone. These active zones demonstrate that significant earthquake activity can occur in the state and indicate that any major infrastructure projects should include a site specific seismic hazard assessment.
This paper describes recent studies of current and paleoearthquakes which provide insights into the characteristics of the earthquake activity and which should be taken into account when a site specific (deterministic or probabilistic) seismic hazard assessment is undertaken. Some of the earthquake characteristics identified in recent studies and discussed in this paper include:
- Location of potential earthquake sources away from the current areas of seismicity.
- Potential for earthquake magnitudes in WA reaching moment magnitudes (MW) up to 7.2 (based on results from paleoseismological studies).
- Episodic fault behaviour in which periods of earthquake activity on a fault can be separated by long periods of quiescence.
- Possible migratory and transient character of the seismic activity in the region.
This paper suggests than when considered as part of a site specific seismic hazard assessment, the above characteristics can result in an estimated earthquake hazard which may vary from the seismic hazard detailed in the current earthquake hazard map of Western Australia.