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Design And Construction Of A Resilient Motorway On Difficult Ground
Resilience is the ability of assets, networks and systems to anticipate, absorb, adapt to and / or rapidly recover from a disruptive event. Where motorways cross floodplains, a major flood poses the greatest risk of a disruptive event. Deep deposits of soft, compressible materials are often encountered in floodplains making construction of resilient infrastructure difficult and potentially expensive.
In order to optimise the balance between time, cost, resilience and risk the Roads and Maritime Authority of New South Wales (RMS), in conjunction with the Ballina Bypass Alliance, developed a low embankment strategy to minimise the whole of life cost of the Ballina Bypass motorway while allowing the motorway to operate during a 1 in 20 year flood. The low embankments traversed very poor ground conditions and the geotechnical challenge was to estimate performance of the embankments at the design stage, monitor the actual performance of the embankments during construction and to take actions to achieve the strategic goals if required.
This paper presents the low embankment strategy, the associated pavement strategy and discusses the geotechnical elements pivotal to its success.
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An Innovative Method of Assessing the Capacity of Existing Wharf Piles
North Queensland Bulk Ports (NQBP) is upgrading the Mackay Outer Harbour wharves. The work involves a fender replacement and bollard upgrading programme. As a result of the proposed upgrade, the axial capacity of the fender piles at Wharves 1, 4 and 5 is increased from the original design requirements.
The existing piles beneath the wharf deck are driven steel tubular piles and they range in diameter from 0.457 m for Wharves 1 and 4, to 1.0 m for Wharf 5. Unfortunately, no construction records could be found in relation to as-constructed pile toe levels, final driving energy and sets or pile load testing. Therefore, the as-installed pile capacities could not be readily assessed. Using conventional theoretical assessment methods, the design consultant concluded the existing piles would not have adequate capacity to support the increased axial loads. The challenge was to investigate and assess whether the existing fender piles can support the increased axial loads associated with the wharf upgrade, and if not, what are the options for remediation.
This paper describes the investigation and assessment of the axial capacity of the existing piles using a combination of innovative downhole magnetic testing adjacent to the existing piles to assess the as-constructed pile toe levels, conventional coring to assess the founding materials, and dynamic pile load tests on new prototype piles driven close to the existing piles. Using the innovative investigation and assessment technique, the existing piles were assessed to have adequate capacity and successfully avoided the costly option of remedial works for the client.
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D.H. Trollope Medal 2010 ‐ Solutions for Oil and Gas Extraction from Shallow to Deep Water Resources
Dr Muhammad Shazzad Hossain
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AGS Sydney Chapter, International Women in Engineering Event — Enhanced By Engineering
Juggling and Inclusion - Managing Work Life Balance
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Ground Improvement By High Impact Energy Dynamic Consolidation Approach
Several ground improvement approaches can be utilised when constructing over poor ground conditions. Where soft grounds are encountered near ground surface, consolidation approaches such as surcharge with Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD) are commonly adopted. It is known that surcharge fill placed over soft clayey ground pressurises the porewater within the soft clay, creating an excess pore pressure. This excess pore pressure drives the pore water towards the PVD which forms a drainage medium driving the excess pore fluid towards a horizontal drainage blanket.
In situations where surcharge fill is difficult to obtain near the site, or costly to be brought to site, an alternative method that utilises dynamic compaction energy to pressurise the pore water can be applied. This approach has proven to be capable of developing excess porewater pressures in soft saturated clays. When this method is applied together with PVD, the drainage of the ‘locked-in’ excess pore fluid can be expedited.
A method of dynamic compaction using rolling impact compaction approach known as High Impact Energy Dynamic Compaction (HIEDYC) is described in the paper, a process known as dynamic consolidation. Two case studies of applications of this approach in soft ground improvement, together with back analyses, are described in this paper. These case studies showed that dynamic consolidation can offer several benefits and produce better or equivalent performance as conventional treatment, including higher bearing capacity, cost saving, and shorter treatment duration.
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A Review Of The Behaviour Of Domed Rock Bolts Plates And Their Use In Sydney Tunnelling
The design and construction of semi flat-roofed tunnels in hard rock often involves the use of thin shotcrete linings that have the main function of supporting minor wedges which can form between rock bolts. The rock bolts perform a dual function in the tunnel support system: they improve load bearing characteristic of the rock mass and provide support to the shotcrete spanning between them. This paper focuses on the latter purpose and demonstrates that caution needs to be exercised when designing rock bolt plates for the tunnel support application where rock bolt plates are installed prior to shotcrete, i.e. directly against the rock surface. While the load transfer mechanism through punching shear is a well-studied mechanism for rock bolt plates installed against the surface of shotcrete lining, i.e. the intrados, the transfer mechanism for the plates installed inside the shotcrete is less researched and understood as it is more complex and is not widely used across the world. Laboratory and in-situ testing as well as advanced FEM analyses aimed at providing guidance on the expected load bearing capacity are presented in this paper.
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A Novel Multiple-Liner Design For Preventing Desiccation Of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) covered by geomembranes (GMB) often constitute a major component in barrier systems. They are used in waste containments systems such as landfills, brine ponds and solar ponds. In many of these cases, high temperatures can develop as a result of exothermic biodegradation or direct solar radiation and can cause significant desiccation of the bentonite in the GCLs. In addition, the self-healing ability of bentonite may be compromised by exposure to chemically aggressive permeants that are commonly found in such applications.
A new multiple-liner design is proposed in this paper, with two GMB-GCL composite liners sandwiching one layer of geocomposite (GC). The new design is able to actively hydrate top and bottom GCLs through the middle GC layer with clean water. A set of column model experiments simulating a typical bottom profile under a brine pond were conducted to investigate GCL hydration before and after continuous heating at 78 ± 1 o C for 14 days. The results were compared to the more conventional GCL-GMB designs. The findings revealed that the new multiple-liner system speeds up hydration of bentonite in the GCL by a factor of more than 3, increases its water content at the end of the hydration stage by up to 50%, and prevents its desiccation when exposed to high temperatures.