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Ground Investigation In The Sydney CBD — A More Sustainable Model For The Future
Below Sydney’s central business district (CBD) lies a complex network of transport and service tunnels competing for space with building basements and confined by changes in topography. Although the geological setting is well understood and documented, potentially millions of dollars are spent each year on new ground investigations. Why?
Over the last 50 years, NSW Government departments have spent millions of dollars on substantial engineering and geotechnical site investigations within the Sydney CBD and are estimated to have drilled thousands of boreholes.
The majority of existing geotechnical information was collected by government departments and geotechnical consultancies and stored in libraries or archived. Over time this data may become misplaced or in many cases disposed of. There are many government departments and consultancies that preserve data in systematic electronic GIS type databases. Indeed, if the basic information was attributed (e.g. grid coordinates, borehole No., Department, and Project No. etc.) the stored data could be assessed quickly to determine if any data is located within a project area by interrogating a central GIS database (or GIS web service) and therefore retrieved from the relevant storage achieve or geotechnical consultant at minimal cost. The NSW Government is planning on making it mandatory to apply for permits to drill, but also to record information from any borehole that encounters groundwater or potentially water bearing rocks. Permits and recording of boreholes is also the case within mining and mineral exploration in NSW. It is therefore envisaged that much of the geotechnical investigation data produced across the Sydney CBD could be centrally stored in a GIS database. A data model based on the British Geological Survey – National Geoscience Data Centre model is proposed to more efficiently store large amounts of geotechnical data. Access to this information could then be provided through a secure, GIS-based Internet web portal. In many cases, planning for new projects could rely heavily on accessing existing data through this single point-of-truth database and over time, new geotechnical models could be added to further develop an evolving 3-D geological model of the Sydney CBD and other key locations.
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An Innovative Approach for the Installation of Vibrating Wire Piezometers
Vibrating wire piezometers, described hence forth as VWPs, are high precision geotechnical instruments installed into the ground to electronically monitor pore water pressures over extended periods of time. These instruments have use in a variety of geotechnical engineering settings such as: slope stability; basement excavation; consolidation under embankments and reclamations; and the performance of hydraulic structures e.g. dams. The piezometric data are useful for the design of these structures and for monitoring the performance during construction and in service. VWPs are traditionally grouted into drilled bore holes in a process that produces waste spoil and requires the use of additional materials for back filling. This paper discusses and reviews two case studies of an innovative, low impact and high-quality approach for the preparation and direct push installation of the VWPs. This installation approach eliminates the production of spoil, is fast and therefore low cost, completed with low impact plant and most importantly has a very high success rate using a locally manufactured push in adaptor and off the shelf VWPs.
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Geosynthetics In Waste Containment — Landfills
Geosynthetics are widely used in waste management containment applications. Geomenbranes are used as a components of base, side and capping systems. Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are one of the geosynthetic materials undergoing rapid growth in usage, and are being employed as a substitute for compacted clay liners. Geosynthetic erosion control materials are being used to stabilize the surface of cover systmes. Geonet and geocomposite drainage materials are used on the side slopes of base liners and in capping systems as collection systems. Geotextiles are commonly used as separators and filters between earthen materials and as cushions to protect geomenbranes from puncture. Geogrids are employed principally to strengthen liner systems when subsidence is expected, and to improve the sliding stability of geosynthetic veneer systems on slopes. This paper presents a brief overview of the use of geosynthetics and issues related to their consideration for landfills.
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A New Method Of Filtration Design On Rail Track Subballast
Apart from being a protection layer against subgrade attrition, the subballast of ballasted rail tracks is designed mainly to act as a stress dissipation layer or more commonly known as a capping layer. When considered as a filtration layer, subballast would prove to be inadequate due to the use of design criteria that are primarily based on steady seepage loading common in embankment dams. The seepage hydraulics through porous media would have to be influenced by the cyclic mechanical loading generated by the passing trains. Under the influence of cyclic train loading, subballast particles rearrange and attempt to attain a more stable configuration through the process of vertical settlement, lateral spreading, and particle degradation. The deformability of the pore medium itself would then affect the filter condition due to the changes in porosity and its subsequent impact on permeability. This paper presents a new design method that considers the effectiveness of the subballast as granular filter being dependent on the reduction of its porosity and permeability over time. The main factors that are found to contribute to the reduction in porosity within the subballast layer are (a) the plastic deformation generated by the cyclic load from the passing traffic, and (b) the accumulation of migrating fines trapped within the filter voids. Laboratory test results conducted on a novel cyclic loading permeameter apparatus were used to validate the proposed method. Two worked out examples are provided.
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Pile Testing
Pile tests are performed for the following main reasons:
- as part of routine quality control purposes to confirm the performance of the piles
- to confirm design parameters
- to confirm the adequacy of construction methods
- to assess/confirm the structural integrity of the pile.
In relatively recent times, pile testing has been revolutionised largely as a consequence of high powered computers. Fifteen to twenty years ago, testing options were restricted to static loading tests, with some costly and slow forms of integrity testing available for quickly and economically testing piles for structural integrity.
This paper presents details on the pile testing regime used in Australia today. Attention will be focussed on:
- static loading tests
- dynamic testing
- Statnamic testing
- integrity testing
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Empirical strengths of rocks exposed along the Adelaide to Crafers Road
This paper presents the results from a series of field tests carried out to determine the strengths of slightly weathered rocks exposed in cuttings along the Adelaide to Crafers Road. The rocks are from the Mitcham Quartzite, Stonyfell Quartzite and Saddleworth Formation which includes the Glen Osmond State and Beaumont Dolomite Units. The road was completed in 2000 and to date no strength values have been placed into the public domain. The results highlight the significant variability in the strengths of all rock types. The paper also presents an empirical correlation between Schmidt hammer rebound values and point load indices for the rocks. This relationship should be useful for initial, rapid, non-destructive assessments of rock strength.
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Construction and demolition (C&D) waste as a road base material for Western Australia roads
This paper describes a preliminary examination of the engineering issues relating to the utilisation of C&D waste as a base course material for Western Australia roads. A series of laboratory tests were performed during which Repeated Load Triaxial (RLT) tests were conducted to determine the resilient modulus and permanent deformation characteristics of C&D waste and the commonly used base course material, Crushed Rock Base (CRB), as a reference material. A comparison of test results of both materials was then made. CIRCLY, a computer program based on the multi-layer elastic theory was used in the mechanistic approach of pavement design and analysis to determine the performance of a typical pavement model using C&D as a base course layer. Based on the study’s findings, C&D waste should be considered an adequate substitute for traditional aggregate in Western Australia road construction.
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Active filler trials for in situ foamed bitumen stabilised pavements
This report reviews the results of research undertaken into the performance of a road section stabilised with foamed bitumen incorporating different percentages of quick lime as active filler and compares with two other sections using Portland cement and another without active filler. An adjacent section with higher bitumen content is also compared.
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A Stabilised Finite Element Method For Modelling Fluid Flow And Contaminant Migration In Geosynthetics
A stabilised Petrov-Galerkin Laplace finite element method (SLFEM) for the modelling of flow and contaminant transport in multi-layered containment systems comprising a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) is developed. The method determines the hydraulic regime as well as the time-dependent transport of contaminants in the system. It can accurately represent the sudden jump in Darcy velocities close to leaks in the geomembrane. It is implemented in the computer software, Soil Pollution Analysis System (SPAS) with an easy-to-use graphic interface. The coupled equations of flow and transport are first presented, as well as the SLFEM formulation. The main features of SPAS are described and a case study of the transport of trichloroethene in a single composite liner is analysed. Finally, the usefulness of SPAS and more generally concentration-based assessments of geosynthetic liners in 2D space is discussed.
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Quaking with Fear
Michael Harbison, Mike Griffith, David Love, Lisa Moon and Peter McBean