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The design and performance of stone columns at Kooragang Coal Terminal
This paper describes the application of vibro-replacement stone columns to improve a weak foundation and allow substantial savings in both the project schedule and the quantity of fill material. Recent expansion of the Kooragang Coal Terminal boosted the coal exporting capacity of the Port of Newcastle to 100 million tonnes per year. Port Waratah Coal Services appointed Bechtel Australia to manage the construction of a new Stacker Berm and Coal Pad, which commenced in November 2005 and was completed in March 2007.
The Kooragang Coal Terminal site is underlain by soft estuarine sediments, which are susceptible to settlement via consolidation and creep. The completed machinery berms and coal stockpiles apply surface loadings of up to 180 kPa. The foundation treatment included the installation of about 6000 stone columns by vibro-replacement through the soft sediments to a natural sand stratum.
The performance monitoring included a large scale load trial undertaken during construction. Monitoring of settlement was undertaken throughout construction and has continued post-construction. The completed Berm and Coal Pad have now been monitored for over one year in service and the results are consistent with predictions.
This paper discusses the design of the stone columns, the test pad design, numerical modelling to predict performance and the monitoring results for both the test pad and the completed facilities.
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Corrigenda (51:2)
In the March 2016 issue Equations (1) and (2) were incorrect.
Two references were omitted:
Coulthard, M.A. (1979). Back-Analysis of Observed Spoil Failures Using a Two-Wedge Method. Division of Applied Geomechanics, CSIRO. Technical Report No.83, June 1979.
Gonano, L.P. (1980). An Integrated Report on Slope Failure Mechanisms at Goonyella – November 1976. Division of Applied Geomechanics, CSIRO. Technical Report No.114, October 1980.
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An Investigation Of Seasonal Effects On In Situ Test Parameters In Perth Sand
This paper presents the results of a study into the effect of the seasonal nature of rainfall in Perth on the measurements obtained from CPT tests in unsaturated sands at a site in Perth. The site is located in the Spearwood dune system, which extends in a North-South trend through the central part of the Perth metropolitan region. Rainfall in Perth is concentrated in a wet winter season (June to September), with very little rainfall occurring between about the end of November and the middle of May. The study involved carrying out CPT qc measurements and seismic CPT tests (to determine the initial tangent shear stiffness Go) at the end of the wet season and the end of the dry season at the site. Tests were carried out in ‘open areas’ and in areas with native trees. The results show that there is a very significant seasonal effect on qc and Go values, but that this occurs only the treed areas; in ‘open areas’, there is no seasonal effect. This effect is therefore most likely to be due to the suctions induced by the water uptake by trees.
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Risk Assessment And Earthworks Management Procedures For Controlled Infilling Of A Disused Quarry Pit
The Eastwood Brickworks is a former shale quarry that operated through most of last century to provide brick making materials that were manufactured on site into bricks. To enable the site to be redeveloped for residential purposes, engineered fill is being placed in the pit that is up to 30 m deep in places. In some parts of the quarry the pit walls were within metres of adjacent residential properties and public roads.
Approximately 1 million cubic metres of fill is required to reach design bulk filling level. Before the start of infilling, extensive sections of the pit walls were near vertical and with some sections undercut by the quarrying activities. A substantial landslide in the high wall of the quarry was a major geotechnical feature that had the potential to remobilise and regress during pit infilling. To enable engineered fill to be placed up to the pit walls, the landslide had to be remediated and the pit walls treated.
This paper discusses the pit wall stability risk assessments and earthworks management practices that have been carried out throughout the project. Detailed geological mapping and geotechnical assessment was carried out at the design stage to assess the risk of instability. Stabilisation measures, monitoring and earthworks methods were developed to manage the risk to workers from slope instability during the filling works that have been underway for over four years. The existing landslide was remediated by earthworks, installation of anchors, drains and batter mesh. Controlled filling up to the pit walls was achieved by a combination of earthworks methods including use of remotely controlled compaction plant, exclusion zones, method specifications for acceptance of fill within exclusion zones and stabilisation measures including scaling and batter mesh.
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Acid sulphate soils and rocks – occurrence and management in the Illawarra Region
This paper briefly defines Acid Sulphate Soils (ASS), their formation, their propensity to form sulphuric acid on exposure, the occurrence of ASS in the Illawarra Region (mapping, typical environment), ASS identification / investigation, laboratory testing techniques, statutory requirements, management techniques, Acid Based Accounting (ABA) and monitoring. The paper also refers to three case studies, one in the Illawarra, and two just south of the Illawarra region, including: ASS affected development sites near Bulli / Nowra and a Potentially Acid Forming (PAF) bedrock site on the Princes Highway deviation and upgrade at Conjola Mountain NSW.
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Design methodology and input parameters applicable to foundation design for large complex towers
As buildings are progressively getting taller, traditional methods of design that generally relied on considerations of the vertical load-carrying capacity of the foundation system, assessed by empirical methods and a lumped factor of safety, have been largely replaced by serviceability-based methods of design which typically result in an optimised foundation design. Serviceability-based designs typically rely on powerful commercial software packages to enable advanced numerical analysis of foundation systems. This paper briefly discusses case studies of foundation design processes including soil-structure interaction analyses adopted for the serviceability design of tall towers. In order to obtain accurate building movement prediction from complex computer analysis, it is imperative that materials and ground stiffness properties be accurately characterised and measured. This paper presents ground stiffness properties measured from various types of tests at different strain levels (i.e., geophysical testing, pile load tests, pressuremeter and laboratory tests) that have been adopted as input parameters in the numerical analyses. The higher allowable shaft friction values from serviceability analysis compared to those from traditional methods, are further justified on the basis of bi-directional static pile testing.
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High-speed Railway Geotechnical Problems
Distinguished Professor Daichao Sheng
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The design and performance of a submarine bund in Port Phillip, Victoria
This paper describes the methodologies used to design a submarine bund in the Dredge Material Grounds (DMG) of Port Phillip. Due to the large footprint of the bund, which was over 4.6km in length, and relatively uncontrolled method of bund construction, the design of the DMG bund presented a series of challenges, including:
- Assessing a “fit-for–purpose” ground model to take account of buried channel features known to occur within the bund footprint.
- Assessing reliable geotechnical parameters for predicting the behaviour of the bund and underlying soils.
- Predicting the volume of material required to construct the bund.
- Predicting the post-construction settlement behaviour of the bund, and contained material, to ensure that the contained material could not overtop the bund.
This paper presents details of how each of these challenges were addressed, and compares the actual and predicted performances of the bund over a three-year period.
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Shrink-swell index from classification tests – Townsville data
Limited shrink-swell index and corresponding classification test data for Townsville in North Queensland are presented. Rather than attempting to develop best-fit correlations that are accompanied by such scatter as to render the correlations impractical, near-upper bound relationships are developed. The possible relevance of these relationships to other Australian conditions is considered by way of limited comparison with other published data, and some comments are made on the process of assessing shrinkage index for Site Classification. No attempt is made to develop a statistically rigorous approach, but to suggest some preliminary (and hopefully – intuitively reasonable) directions.