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Site characterisation and permeation curtain grouting for deep basement excavation
This paper describes the geological site characterisation for the design and construction of a 26m deep basement excavation in Fitzroy, Melbourne. Key geotechnical features include an extensive, 10-40m thick felsic dyke within Melbourne Formation rock which generated geotechnical implications for excavation stability and high groundwater inflows. As a mitigation effort a hybrid retention system consisting of a solider pile wall and an infill grout curtain was subsequently developed.
Four rounds of geotechnical and hydrogeological investigations were completed to delineate the extent of the dyke and identify groundwater flow characteristics. Site trials were completed to provide permeation grouting parameters within the dyke. Pumping tests are proposed to validate the effectiveness of the grout curtain in mitigating groundwater inflow to the excavation.
A Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) of rock defects was parametrically scripted in three dimensions to assist with the design of grout volumes and wedge failure modelling. The DFN was developed from seed boreholes using investigation results from acoustic and optical televiewer borehole imagery.
The grout curtain design consisted of a primary and secondary grouting programme based on the DFN model and results of the grout trial.
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Sustainability and Resiliency Implications of Underground Structures
Dr Raymond L. Sterling
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Volume 38, Number 2 — Editorial, View from the Chair, and News
Table of contents, editorial and chairman’s column for Australian Geomechanics, Volume 38, Number 2.
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Strength of Mintaro Shale
This paper presents the results from a series of laboratory tests on the Mintaro Shale. The rock type is commonly referred to as slate due to its immature meta-siltstone status. It has been described as “one of the best slates in the world” for architectural purposes since first being quarried in 1858. However, few studies have ever been carried out to investigate its strength characteristics. This paper presents a series of results from uniaxial and triaxial compression tests, point load tests and tensile tests aimed at addressing this issue. The study showed the slate to be of low anisotropy with respect to compressive strength and of high anisotropy with respect to tensile strength. As expected with an anisotropic rock, the compressive strength and the failure modes are strongly dependent on the orientation of the cleavage with respect to the loading direction. A series of empirically derived equations is presented to enable the compressive strength to be determined at various confining pressures and loading orientations with respect to the direction of cleavage.
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The Formation, Use And Conservation Of Arthur Head, Freemantle
Arthur Head, once the dominating headland and hub of early Fremantle is today an attenuated, patched up remnant of coastal limestone crowned by an aged but intriguing limestone building of dodecahedral shape and pierced by a tunnel blocked off at either end.
Arthur Head is a tombolo (tied island) of eolianite some 120,000 years old that formed on top of a coral reef and was isolated by a paleochannel of the Swan River so it is a unique landform of geological significance. It is the site of the so called Round House, the first public building of the Colony of Western Australia, a jail built of squared caprock in 1831. It is also the site of the Whalers Tunnel some 66m long and 3.6m wide and high built by convicts in “soft rock” in 1837. The tunnel was the first underground structure in the State and links with the important whaling industry that was the backbone of the economy in the 1830s. Both are important Australian heritage structures, however the remnant landform, the tunnel and the Round House are now in need of comprehensive conservation. The headland was treated as a quarry; then as the heritage values changed the early remedial work on the eroding cliff faces was inappropriate. About one half of the rock faces on the headland are now covers in limestone or concrete walls of variable styles, colours, textures and stability. The remnant limestone faces show coastal caprock over deeply eroded zone of roots with enhanced corrosion caused by fertilisers from lawn watering.
The west end of the Whalers Tunnel is sagging with some rockfalls so it needs urgent restructuring to secure roof stability. A new west portal is required to sustain the overlying deteriorating rock face. The Round House was restored in a Bicentennial project with the wrong type of limestone that lacks the texture, colour and hardness of the original caprock, so that restoration has not been achieved, merely patching. The dark weathering, easily carved and vandalized, bedded limestone that has been used is not authentic and detracts from the integrity of the original structure. All repairs must be made with limestone compatible with the original caprock.
The WA Government has provided funds for comprehensive remedial works and final proposals are now in place. This report records the geology of the site, its history, the problems posed by human intervention and past vicissitudes. A further report will record the solutions during the year 2000.