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Experimental study of ground energy systems in Melbourne, Australia
Ground energy systems use the ground as a heat source or sink to heat and cool buildings. Because the ground temperature is more stable than the ambient air, ground energy systems can be more efficient than conventional heating and cooling systems. Ground energy systems typically comprise a ground heat exchanger (GHE) connected to a building’s heating and cooling system via a heat pump. The GHE is usually a closed loop of pipe embedded in the ground. Fluid circulates through the embedded pipes to exchange heat between the ground and the building. A research facility has been built at the University of Melbourne’s Parkville campus to experimentally study the effects of GHE configuration on ground energy system performance and investigate the potential to improve existing design techniques. This paper provides an introduction to ground energy systems and describes the experimental set-up.
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Don’t Slip Over Boulder Falls
Many of us undertake stability assessments for assessing hillside development. In most instances, the available fees are quite limited and there could then be commercial pressure to complete fieldwork as quickly as possible. The example below demonstrates the possible consequences of not taking the hour required to walk a sufficient distance uphill. We do not know whether consultants completed stability assessments for the residences around this site.
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Probability Calculations For A Number Of Events
Appendix E of AGS (2000) details the equations for calculation of the probability of a rock falling onto a moving vehicle. It is useful for those of us with a shaky understanding of the detail of probability calculations to consider how equation E1 of Appendix E can be derived as this fundamental concept can be applied to other cases.
For simplicity, consider the probability of throwing a six with a normal cubic die. Since there are six possible outcomes, the probability is 1 in 6 (1/6).
What then is the probability of throwing a six in any one or more of ten throws of the die?
- It can not be 10 times (1/6) since that is greater than 1.0 which is impossible.
- It is not (1/6)10 since that is the probability of throwing a six on each of ten throws.
- Consider what the possible outcomes for the ten throws would be in terms of the number of sixes:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 sixes
All except 0 sixes satisfy the requirement of a six on one or more throws.
The probability of not getting a six on a single throw is (5/6). This can also be derived as (1 – Probability of a six).
Then the probability of 0 sixes in ten throws is (5/6)10.
The numerical total of the probability of each of the possible outcomes must be 1. That is (Probability of 0 sixes + Probability of one or more sixes) = 1
Therefore, the Probability of 1 or more sixes = (1- (5/6)10)
Expressing this algebraically, if
P(6) = Probability of throwing a six
N = Number of throwsThen
P(6:10) = 1- (1 – P(6))N
This is in effect Equation E1.
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Behaviour of piles subjected to post construction subsoil movement and effect of soil creep – A case study
This paper models the effect of soil creep on the behaviour of two embedded piles subjected to post construction sub soil movements. Two trial piles were installed at the berm section of an embankment constructed on soft soils 150 km north of Sydney. The behaviour of these piles subjected to subsoil movement due to embankment construction is modelled and the effect of soil creep on the behaviour is investigated.
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Back of envelope mining subsidence estimation
Surface grounds undermined by coal mines are potentially susceptible to large amounts of differential surface subsidence and horizontal movements causing substantial impacts on our environment and economy. There are a number of methods available to predict or estimate subsidence. At CSIRO we normally use such rigorous, rational numerical methods as finite, boundary, discrete element methods to analyse mining induced subsidence using advanced constitutive laws of material behaviour. However, the requirement that only highly specialised engineers should develop and use such rigorous and rational models of analyses, seems to have prevented non-specialised mining students and engineers from the understanding the basics of ground subsidence analysis from simple irrational models. There is certainly a gap between these two extreme approaches for an engineer who is looking for a simple practical analytical tool. Based on a triangular zone of major caving, beyond which arching and within which caving is dominant, this technical note presents a simple model for estimating potential maximum ground surface subsidence caused by underground coal mines and the required volume of remedial fill or grout (materials) for either its reduction or prevention.
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An unusual geological feature encountered in the Anthony Headrace Tunnel of the Hydro-Electric Corporation of Tasmania
The Anthony Power Development of Hydro Tasmania diverts westward flowing rivers on the west coast of Tasmania into the eastward flowing Anthony River and thus into the upper reaches of Hydro Tasmania’s Pieman River Power Development. From a reservoir on the Anthony River this diverted water flows through a headrace tunnel to an underground power station. Water from this power station is discharged through a tailrace tunnel into Lake Murchison in the Pieman Development. The Anthony Power Development was completed in 1994 and was the last major hydroelectric development built by the then Hydro-Electric Commission. Completion of the headrace tunnel for this development was delayed when a large underground reservoir of water was encountered. This paper describes the investigation of this unusual geological feature and the modifications that were required to the layout of the tunnel in order that excavation could be completed.
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Satellite Insar Technique For Urban Tunnelling Monitoring: The Crossrail Project Case Study
One of the challenges in urban tunnelling projects is to guarantee that the infrastructure assets crossing or adjacent to the tunnel alignment and other new build elements are not affected by the construction activity.
Radar Satellite Interferometry (InSAR) is a non-invasive surveying technique, which uses a stack of synthetic aperture radar images (SAR) to measure millimetric deformations of terrain structures over wide areas. This technique allows a comprehensive and periodic vision, without any need to access site, with the same accuracy as manual levelling in cities for a fraction of the cost of traditional systems.
Sixense has been using its interferometric processing chain, ATLAS, with the aim of monitoring geotechnical and structural deformations linked to urban construction, specially aimed at tunnelling monitoring, using the experiences in geotechnical and automatic surveying.
ATLAS processing chain was successfully applied to Crossrail I, The Elisabeth Line, in London. In this context InSAR has proved to be a fundamental tool to: (i) present the historical ground/structure behaviour before the start of any construction was presented, (ii) monitor the movements during the construction works covering a huge extension for just a fraction of the cost and resources of what should be expended in order to be done by more traditional approaches, and (iii) keep a monitoring system in place for the long term movement performance of ground and structures, even years after the end of the construction phase.
In this paper, the technique will be briefly detailed and the application case of the monitoring of the different phases of the project will be shown.