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Outline of the hydrogeology of the Perth region
Groundwater is important to the city of Perth for public water supply, irrigation of parks and gardens and horticulture and about one in four houses has its own bore for garden watering. The superficial aquifer receives stormwater drainage and is easily contaminated from accidental spills or waste disposal. It supports perennial wetlands, and has been drained in areas of urban development with shallow water tables. The confined aquifers are used mainly for public water supply and are used conjunctively with the unconfined groundwater and surface water. The Gnangara Mound, which is the main resource in the superficial aquifer and also recharges the confined aquifers, is protected from urban development and is covered by native woodland or pine forest. Groundwater in the crystalline rocks of the Darling Range is limited to low yielding bores and wells for gardens or orchards.
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A numerical model for failure and collapse analysis of geostructures
An improved understanding of geomaterial damage and failure has important implications for preventing the instability of geostructures. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model for geomechanics and tunnelling (GeoTun3D) is developed using C++, OpenGL, Fortran and a series of libraries on the basis of our previous studies on the two-dimensional (2D) rock failure process analysis model (RFPA2D) to perform failure and collapse analysis of geo-materials and geo-structures. 3D numerical tests are conducted for unaxial compression test, Brazilian test and notched shear box test to calibrate the numerical model. The model is then applied to investigate fluid-driven crack propagation and fluid immigration in fractured rock mass in tunnelling and excavation-induced rock mass collapse and caving in coal mining and rock caving.
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Saturated-unsaturated flow and solute transport in engineered liner systems: A new special-purpose finite element analysis software
Engineered liner systems are widely used in various types of waste repositories such as municipal waste landfills, leachate ponds, remediation sites and solar and brine ponds. Designers, practitioners and regulators often need to assess the ability of actual or planned liner systems to perform their function adequately over a long time scale dictated by the slow transport properties in low-permeability soil. The flow and chemical transport equations, either independently or in coupled mode, under either saturated or unsaturated conditions, need to be solved, while incorporating complex liner details in the simulation. General-purpose finite element software able to solve these equations often are cumbersome when analysts use them to build liner systems. This paper presents a new finite element software system developed at the Centre for Geotechnical Research of the University of Sydney over the last 5 years. The software, called Soil Pollution Analysis System (SPAS), has been designed to simplify the model-building process of liner systems, while allowing for a range of flow and transport problems to be simulated in 2D and 3D. SPAS is able to solve 28 different types of coupled or uncoupled problems for water flow and single-phase, multiple-porosity chemical transport, in saturated or unsaturated media, under steady-state or time-dependent conditions. A powerful feature of SPAS is its ability to seamlessly model coupled problems in which the transport of chemical species depends on highlyheterogeneous water seepage velocity fields. Processes such as biological, radioactive or chemical decay, diffusion, mechanical dispersion, advection, sorption (linear or non-linear, instantaneous or time-dependent), multi-layering and interface partitioning can all be represented in the model. In unsaturated soils, a range of commonly used soil water characteristic curves is available. The software has been extensively validated and optimised and, in 2D, typically computes the full history of flow and contamination, in less than five minutes of computing time on a Windows-based personal computer with an i5 Intel processor.
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Deep Wet Soil Mixing Columns Ground Treatment Technique-lesson Learnt From Project
Deep Wet Soil Mixing (WSM) ground treatment columns have been designed and constructed first time on TfNSW Lisarow to Ourimbah Stage 3B project to meet performance requirements for embankment and retaining wall foundation. However, during construction, the project faces a number of challenges such as reuse of several thousand cubic meter of soil-cement mixed waste material produced from WSM construction, various quality control testing issues and construction difficulties arising from interlayered stiff/dense soil. Hence, the project team developed extensive field trials and innovative solutions to mitigate all these challenges. Instrumentation monitoring results obtained from settlement plate, inclinometer, piezometer, survey plugs and wall tags suggested that primary consolidation settlement of the WSM treated ground is virtually completed within one month after the construction. Field monitoring results also reveal that settlements and lateral movements of the bridge approach embankments and hybrid retaining wall (Reinforced Soil Wall combined with L-shaped wall) foundations are much less than the predicted design values. In addition, the trend of the 12 months monitoring results provides confidence on the long-term performance of these structures, which is expected be smaller than the predicted values. Furthermore, it is revealed that about 5000m3 of soil-cement mixed waste material/spoil have been recycled, and used successfully as fill materials for various civil engineering applications at the project site. Following the several field testing regime, it is concluded that only Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) testing from the cored samples is the most reliable quality control measure for high strength WSM materials. In addition, strength and deformation parameters of the field core samples are proven to be increased with the increase of curing time. Hence, it is recommended to include curing effects on the design of deep soil mixed columns ground improvement technique for future projects.
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Cross Passages Ground Treatment For Melbourne Metro Tunnel Project
As part of the Melbourne Metro Tunnel project, there was a requirement for ground treatment between tunnels, specifically at cross passages where the ground was identified as not being sufficiently competent to safely execute underground activities such as the safe removal of precast concrete segmental tunnel linings at cross passages and excavation of the cross passages. Cross passages CP02, CP03, CP04, CP05, and CP15 are located within soft or mixed ground conditions which required ground treatment to control groundwater ingress and/or provide suitable ground control to allow stability of mined excavation between the tunnel tubes.
The proposed ground treatment principally consisted of overlapping jet-grouting columns forming a homogenous treated block installed from ground surface to depth of 30m. Further, when the cross passages treatment area intersect rock, rock- grouting treatment was required to reduce the permeability of the rock mass and of the interface between jet & rock to reduce potential water inflow to the future excavation within allowable limits.
The realization of those critical ground treatment required to overcome technical challenges which are detailed in the paper and include but not limited to; adapting the grouting parameters to accommodate for the high geological & geotechnical variability at each site, working near various urban assets including under and around a live rail line, maintaining alignments for both vertical and inclined columns, ensuring proper grouted diameters with sufficient overlap and remediation based on as-built 3D monitoring. To achieve this, the authors relied on a range of state-of-the-art trial at each treatment location and associated geotechnical testing, monitoring and mapping techniques some of which were used for the first time in Australia. In addition, a comprehensive regime of in-situ testing was carried out from the surface and from within the tunnel following and confirming performance of ground treatment to demonstrate that the project’s water tightness and mechanical requirements were consistently met to mitigate the risks associated with excavation of the cross passages. The performance and quality of the treatment was ultimately confirmed during the excavation of the cross passages.
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Precambrian rocks of the Darling Range
Precambrian rocks, consisting largely of granitic and gneissic rocks that have been intruded by dolerites, occur in the Darling Range in Perth’s eastern suburbs. The Darling Fault separates the deep sediments of the Perth Basin from the Precambrian Yilgarn Craton to the east. The geology and engineering properties of the major rock types are discussed and related to development in the area. Important geotechnical factors that affect development include the deep and variable weathering profile, expansive clay soils developed from the weathering of dolerite, faults and contact zones, erodibility, potentially collapsible soils and slope instability.
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AGS Western Australia Symposium 2023
Geotechnical Engineering for a Sustainable Future
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Mineralogy Of Sydney Building Sandstones In Relation To Geotechnical Properties – 1: Relation Of Quantitative X- Ray Diffraction Data To Other Chemical And Petrographic Indicators
The SIROQUANT processing system has been used to determine, on a quantitative basis, the percentages of the clay and non-clay minerals from X-ray powder diffraction data, for a series of sandstone samples from materials previously used as dimension stone for repair or extension to heritage buildings in the Sydney area. Evaluation of the results shows them to be consistent with a number of other techniques used to evaluate rock composition, including petrographic and chemical analysis, and with separate determination of clay mineralogy by oriented-aggregate X-ray diffraction methods. The cation exchange capacity of selected samples was also evaluated, using a modification of the standard technique for soil studies, and found to be related to the total clay mineral content as evaluated by SIROQUANT, as well, to a lesser extent as the relative proportions of illite and interstratified illite/smectite in the rock samples.
Use of X-ray powder diffraction as a quantitative tool provides a basis for rapid and reliable evaluation of rock mineralogy, which in turn exerts a fundamental control on rock behaviour under different geotechnical conditions. These relationships will be discussed further in the second paper of the present series.
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Case Study of Soil Slope Stabilisation Works at Banjo Paterson Park
An existing slope section overlooking Parramatta River in Banjo Paterson Park, Gladesville, NSW experienced a failure in 2017. The existing slope is on the south west side of the park. The unstable slope section is approximately 20 m to 25 m long, 5 m to 8 m height at a grade of approximately 1.5H:1V to 1H:1V.
This paper focuses on the stabilisation option study for the slope remediation and presents a case study of the use of sandstone riverbank wall to retain up to 7.5 m of existing soil slope. Sandstone riverbank wall was selected in preference to soil nail wall or retention system to increase the stability of the existing slope batter, expedited the construction process, reduce the construction cost and complexity, and for landscaping and wall appearance considerations. The detailed design considered both global and internal stability and confirmed adequate factor of safety for each failure mode.
This paper presents the assessment of the slope profile and cause of slip failure, comparison among the proposed stabilisation options, and remedial design undertaken for the selected sandstone riverbank wall. It also provides a discussion on the construction of sandstone riverbank wall.
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Reliability analysis of upheaval buckling of offshore pipelines
Offshore pipelines are commonly buried in seabed for protection against damage, for better insulation and to prevent upheaval buckling induced by thermal and pressure loadings. The uplift resistance provided by the backfill soil is an important design parameter when determining the correct burial depth for a given pipeline. In this paper, the effect of variability in soil backfill stiffness and operation conditions on the performance of the pipeline upheaval behaviour is investigated. Variations in the soil backfill stiffness, pipe properties and the operational factors such as temperature and pressure are considered to assess the safety of the pipeline probabilistically. An optimized Latin Hyper Cube (LHC) sampling technique is used to draw the sample of soil stiffness, pipe properties and operational conditions from preassigned probabilistic distribution for each variable. Pipeline behaviour was simulated using elastic model, and the interaction was modelled using pipe-soil interaction elements using ABAQUS. The response surface method was used to establish approximate functional relationship between the input parameters and the output response. Reliability analysis of pipeline was performed using first order reliability method and simulation method. The results presented are useful to better understand the performance of offshore pipeline and probabilistic upheaval buckling assessment.