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Groundwater Control In Design And Construction Of Deep Basement Excavation In Singapore
In a highly built-up city like Singapore, newer developments revolve around constructing deep underground basements due to its limited land space. This constraint constantly challenges engineering methodologies especially in groundwater control and in the design and construction of deep basement excavation works. Most excavations below the natural ground water table will inevitably induce pore pressure reduction and drawdown in groundwater table. Some of the key factors that affect the change in water table are type of geologies, excavation support system and the excavation depth. Control of groundwater during deep excavation can also be attributed to reducing horizontal stress behind the retaining wall leading to pore pressure control, high permeability soil constituents underneath the toe of the wall and leakage through the gaps or openings. In this paper, three case studies are featured where 18m to 25m deep excavations were carried out for underground basement construction in the heart of Singapore City. How the control of groundwater was considered in design and implemented in construction methodologies of deep basement excavations is presented and groundwater behavior observed during the course of excavation in different soil conditions are presented coupled with the field monitoring results.
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Landslide inventory, susceptibility, frequency and hazard zoning in the Wollongong and wider Sydney Basin Area
The University of Wollongong Landslide Research Team has been working on the development of GIS-based Landslide Inventory, Susceptibility and Hazard Zoning projects for over 15 years. To undertake the zoning work we use knowledge-based methods including Data Mining techniques which are facilitated within a GIS framework. This work is ongoing, and as with this paper, there are two main aims; firstly for those smaller subregions of Sydney where considerable data have been obtained and the landslide inventory development is comprehensive, increasingly more reliable modelling, analysis and synthesis is being done, and secondly, for the entire 31,000km2 geological extent of the Sydney Basin region where the available data are relatively small scale and the process of developing the landslide inventory is in the early stages, preliminary studies which are described as ‘proof of concept’ have been completed and are reported herein. The most advanced sub-region is a large portion of the Illawarra Escarpment within the Wollongong Local Government Area (LGA). Another advanced sub-region is the Picton area within the Wollondilly LGA. All the while, input data is being refined and improved in particular with the advent of Airborne Laser Scan derived DEM’s and the ongoing development and populating of Landslide Inventories. In tandem with refined input data, computing capabilities are also rapidly evolving and this is enabling ever growing terrain modelling capacity. With higher resolution input data for the Sydney Basin project, including a more rigorous Landslide Inventory which is already well under development, higher resolution geology information and possibly even a better or more recent DEM, the regional yet large scale GIS-based Susceptibility modelling outcomes are likely to be suitable for use at Local Government Planning levels. Furthermore, susceptibility modelling at a national scale to identify preliminary or ‘first pass’ binary type (i.e. in/out) areas for further assessment is also achievable in the very near future.
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Construction Methods And Associated Risks For Rigid And Flexible Retaining Walls
This paper describes two types of retaining wall systems, one is a stiff secant piled wall (usually resulting in small wall deflections) the second one is a less rigid and more flexible sheet piling wall (usually having larger allowable wall deformations). Furthermore the water retention capability of both wall types will be discussed as well as the requirement to laterally support the walls with props or anchors.
It is important to design the retaining wall system according to the medium which needs to be retained (usually soil or water); the surrounding ground conditions, the allowable movements of the retained soil behind the wall after excavation and the intended purpose of the retaining structure. Allowable movement is of particular importance to minimize the settlements of adjacent buildings and structures.
The different construction methodologies of the retaining wall types will be described and the main advantages and disadvantages of each system will be highlighted. Furthermore the major construction risks will be discussed.
The paper will also include a case study of a recently completed retaining wall project in NSW. Piling Contractors successfully installed a sheet piling wall for the construction of a cofferdam in the middle of a watercourse. Additionally a hard/hard secant pile retaining wall was installed inside the cofferdam with sockets into high strength rock using 1180 mm and 1300 mm piles. The requirements for both, water tightness and tight vertical wall tolerances of 1:200 were successfully achieved and the paper points out the major construction activities and monitoring techniques of this challenging project.
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The Practical Limits of Packer Testing
Packer testing allows estimation of the hydraulic conductivity of the ground through analysis of an induced flow rate into the ground under various controlled water pressures. Consideration of the physical and practical limits of injecting and monitoring such flows and pressures is used to determine the limits of hydraulic conductivity that can reasonably be estimated from packer tests. A design chart is presented based on these practical limits and consideration of the fundamental mathematics underpinning packer test interpretation. The chart is proposed as a useful reference when planning or reviewing field testing programs.
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Homebush Bay Dioxin Remediation Project
The paper presents an overview of the Homebush Bay Dioxin Remediation Project. The project represents the most expensive and challenging site clean-up project undertaken in Australia to-date. Information is provided on the history of the areas to be remediated and the site investigations and assessments that have been conducted. Details on the extent of contamination at the site are provided, followed by a description of the clean-up assessments. The remediation objectives are then described, with an assessment of potential remediation technologies then provided. Summary details of the current remediation strategy and project status are then provided.
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Collaboration In Design & Construct Transportation Projects – A Case Study
To achieve good project performance with respect to typical parameters of time, cost and quality as well as project constraints, active collaborative efforts involving all parties (client, contractor and designers) are usually necessary. Collaboration in an infrastructure project is often associated with the collaborative models of contracts such as Alliancing and Partnering. However, such collaboration can still readily occur in a traditional Design & Construct (D&C) delivery and be particularly beneficial where challenges and constraints are present. This paper revisited a recently completed road project (Harwood Bridge Upgrade) where various geotechnical challenges encountered during the construction stage were resolved in a collaborative working environment. Consequently, this allowed the study to be focused on the identification of key factors defining the collaborative efforts. From the study, these key collaboration factors could be observed throughout the delivery of selected geotechnical works. Some common attributes were discussed to understand the conditions, which enabled the achievement of collaborative approach in the typical traditional project delivery model.
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Index properties and the engineering behaviour of Bringelly Shale
This paper is concerned with the engineering behaviour of Bringelly Shale and how this can be assessed based on laboratory index tests that are widely used for argillaceous rocks. Comparison will be made with data from Ashfield shale to indicate the differences between these two members of the Wianamatta Group. It is shown that Bringelly shale contains reactive clay minerals, absent in Ashfield Shale and, as a result, the shale is more sensitive to changes in environmental conditions. Bringelly Shale is only weakly cemented and its strength and stiffness are lower than Ashfield Shale. Both shales have similar unconfined compressive strengths, typically between 10 MPa and 50 MPa, but in Bringelly Shale a large component of this strength appears to be derived from pore water suctions. When Bringelly Shale is placed in water it disintegrates. The paper concludes with some implications of the data for construction in Bringelly Shale.
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Impacts of longwall mining and coal seam gas extraction on groundwater regimes in the Sydney Basin: Part 2 – Practical applications
Part 1 of this paper presented simple equations for transient and steady state downwards flow in saturate and unsaturated ground that are considered to be useful in understanding flow and pressure regimes above extensive areas of longwall mining and coal seam gas extraction. This Part 2 paper presents filed data from longwall mines in the Sydney basin and relates the data to findings from Part 1. This part also analyses how different views have been expressed in relation to impacts of longwall mining on groundwater regimes and proposes that these differences have largely arisen out of poor differentiation between seepage flows and pressures.
The field data presented in this part support a finding of Part 1, namely that the question that should be asked in respect to groundwater impacts from longwall mining, and CSG extraction, is not “if” impacts will occur, but “how long” will they take to occur.
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Harnessing on site renewable energy through pile foundations
Incorporation of heat exchangers into pile foundations is a relatively novel sustainable technology for the intermittent storage of energy in soils with a view of utilising it for space heating and cooling of buildings by means of suitable systems integrated into buildings. This innovative technology can provide not only substantial long-term cost savings in relation to conventional energy systems but also can make an important contribution to environmental protection by reducing fossil energy use and minimising the carbon footprint of built structures. This paper reports on an ongoing project on heat exchanger pile foundations taking place at Monash University. It discusses the basic concept of an energy pile and governing design parameters such as thermo-mechanical loading and soil thermal properties and presents the field test set up currently running.
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Application of statistical techniques for geotechnical site investigation and design
Uncertainty is a universal and important aspect of geotechnical engineering and it is comprised of several different aspects. The most significant is likely that derived from spatial variability, where the properties vary from one location to another as a result of the processes that form the ground. Secondly, statistical uncertainty is a critical element of geotechnical engineering. Other important sources of uncertainty are those associated with the testing process itself, the transformation of the test results to design values, and uncertainties derived from human error. The paper discusses each of these uncertainties in some detail and provides examples and guidance on how to quantify and account for these in the geotechnical design process. The paper also presents two examples that demonstrate the power of statistical simulation in geotechnical engineering practice.