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Collaboration In Finding Alternatives To Lime Stabilisation Of Reactive Soils
Sustainability has been an active theme in recent years in the Australian construction industry and various specialist publications have highlighted the fact that everyone in the industry has a role to play.
This paper outlines the collaboration work involving geotechnical engineers from EIC Activities, a senior civil engineer from CPB Contractors, both members of CIMIC group, and academics from the University of Western Sydney to create a sustainable and reliable alternative for the stabilisation of reactive soils. It will provide an overview on the various stages of the collaboration from an initiative to reduce lime in concrete, that was the genesis of the idea, up to the recently submitted ARC linkage grant between the University of Western Sydney and the CIMIC Group. The focus on sustainability relates to lime, reactive soil, and the authors’ attempt to contribute in a sustainable and productive geotechnical practice. Detailed technical accounts will be provided at the various stages of the collaboration.
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Proceedings of the 2017 Sydney Chapter Symposium
This document contains papers for the 21st annual symposium organised by the Sydney Chapter of the Australian Geomechanics Society. It is hoped that the symposium will keep practicing geotechnical engineers, engineering geologists, and other engineering professionals informed of recent developments in this field. It also recognises the need to gather together the experience of those practicing throughout Australia and to allow transfer of knowledge and sharing of their experiences.
These symposia continue to be one of the best forms for bringing together the key stakeholders of the Australian geological and geotechnical community. The main objective of the symposium, held on 10 November 2017, is to present overview of current transport infrastructure challenges, state-of-the-art practices, innovative technologies, new research results and case histories demonstrating applications of advanced techniques and cost-effective approaches in the construction and design of transport infrastructure.
This symposium is the cooperative effort of many authors and qualified reviewers. The editors and organising committee wish to thank the authors, who have generously contributed their time to prepare the various papers and the colleagues of the authors, who have assisted with time, secretarial, drafting and other facilities. Appreciation is also extended to our sponsors for their support. Without them the Symposium would not be possibly the best ongoing forum for the Australian Geomechanics and groundwater community.
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Performance Of Anchored Pile Walls For A Deep Cut
The Banora Point Upgrade Project in NSW Australia comprised key features including two interchanges, a 300m long viaduct, a large cutting through Sexton Hill with an associated 100m wide Land Bridge and retaining walls reaching 490m in length and up to 22m high. The geology at Sexton Hill comprises a volcanic succession of variably weathered basalt flows and agglomerate deposits overlying Mesozoic sedimentary rocks at a depth of approximately 48m beneath the crest of the hill. Two types of retention system were selected to support the Sexton Hill cutting and were required to suit the ground conditions, satisfy the performance criteria and consider the narrow project corridor. These included cantilever/anchored piled retaining walls and soil nail walls. The paper focuses on the design approach and numerical modelling techniques and compares the predicted and actual performance of the anchored pile wall system based on the monitoring data collected during and post construction. Numerical analyses using computer programs PLAXIS, Phase2 and WALLAP have been undertaken to model the behaviour of the anchored pile wall including wall deflections and anchor loads. In addition, the analyses sought to determine whether neighbouring residential properties were adversely affected by the construction of the cutting. The predicted values of anchor loads and wall deflections have been compared with actual performance and are presented. A back analysis has been performed focusing on a portion of the retaining wall section where the predicted and actual performance differed significantly. The results from the back analysis revealed that the deflections displayed by the piles are particularly sensitive to small changes in stiffness of high strength rock just above the final excavation level.
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Geotechnical Considerations Associated With The Poatina Power Station Cavern
The Poatina Power Station Cavern was designed with a focus on the newly emerging rock mechanics theory and principles that were rapidly developing during the 1950’s and 60’s. This included measurement of the in-situ rock mass stress condition and photo-elastic analysis of the induced stress around the planned underground openings. These studies led to the adoption of many ‘firsts’ in rock mechanics that included a trapezoidal roof shape, installation of stress relieving slots and fully encapsulated grouted rebar bolts. Based on historical documentation of the construction of the cavern, a three- dimensional numerical model of the cavern construction sequence has been developed. The model is able to provide an accurate match to the observed and monitored ground conditions during construction that includes observed failure modes and instrumentation data. Based on the calibrated model outcomes, Hydro Tasmania was able to undertake a more informed review of the risks associated with the current and future ground support capacity and were able to reliably assess rehabilitation requirements for the cavern support system.
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Effect of particle size on the shear strength behaviour of sands
During plastic deformation of granular materials due to loading, the stress-strain and strength characteristics of sand grains are influenced with grain size, their distribution and packing. Also the macroscopic behaviour of granular materials changes with the variation of microscopic behaviour. Particle size is one of the important properties which plays a dominant role on the stress, strain and strength responses of granular materials. Alteration of grain size results in the change of void ratio as well as particle effective contact area revolutionized and the load distribution mechanism of particle to particle contact. To evaluate the effect of particle size, a series of direct shear tests were performed considering uniform particles of eight samples (0.075, 0.15, 0.212, 0.300, 0.600, 1.18, 1.72 and 2.76 mm) and graded particles of two samples (0.075-1.18 mm and 0.075-2.36 mm). Three types of normal loads (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15 kN) were selected for each test. For uniform particles, particles retained on individual sieve size were considered and in graded particles combination of each uniform particle pondered. A theoretical approach was also proposed to correlate the particle size and macroscopic response. From the experimental results it was observed that for each set of normal load with the increase of particle size, angle of internal friction as well as maximum horizontal shear stress increases for uniform sands and a similar response was noticed in graded sands but the larger the gradation the higher the shear strength. Maximum horizontal shear and angle of internal friction with respect to particle size is also influenced by normal stress. Experimental results have good agreement with the theoretical approach.
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Road Tunnels In Australia And New Zealand – Getting The Best Value For Money
A brief comparison of the cost of recent road tunnels will be presented to bring focus on the various procurement models that have been used in recent years to deliver road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand. The delivery mechanisms have included Public, Private, Partnerships (PPPs) for the provisions of road infrastructure involving concession holders and design and construct contracts and alliances between builders and government agencies. Most of the PPP tunnel projects went into receivership soon after opening, demonstrating that the cost of tunnel construction vastly exceeded the investment value as serviced by toll income. These projects will be compared with the Waterview Connection road tunnel in Auckland which was undertaken under a competitive alliance model under government finance to complete a missing link on a non-tolled motorway. Comments will be provided on the consequences on design /construction and operations and maintenance arising from the different procurement models based on the authors experience to deliver such projects as undertaken on Lane Cove, CLEM7, Airport Link Brisbane, the cancelled East West tunnel in Melbourne and Waterview Connection in New Zealand. The role of site investigation, geotechnical base line reports, the amount of detail in reference design and scope of works and technical criteria will be commented upon. Other tunnels under construction and potential forthcoming projects and their completion dates will be reviewed to outline the current tunnel construction pipeline.
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Hydrogeology of the Melbourne Area
The hydrogeology of the Melbourne Area is complex. The area includes the Tertiary Port Phillip Basin and the underlying and surrounding older predominantly Siluro-Ordovician bedrock and Devonian granitic rocks. The Port Phillip Basin contains a system of aquifers separated by aquitards. The aquifers are varyingly hydraulically interconnected. The Werribee and Bridgewater formations are the most productive aquifers. Important aquifers occur in the Brighton Group, basalts of both the Older Volcanics and Newer Volcanics, and deltaic deposits of the Werribee and Yarra rivers.
Knowledge of groundwater occurrence, aquifer types and hydraulic parameters, and groundwater chemistry is critical for most if not all civil engineering projects. This paper provides an overview of the hydrogeology of the Melbourne area. The location of major aquifers (and aquitards) is broadly mapped, aquifer types are identified and hydraulic parameters and groundwater chemistry in the different hydrostratigraphic units summarized. It is emphasized that the information provided is very generalized and that more detailed information based on local and site specific investigations are required to fully assess the impact of groundwater on proposed civil engineering projects and the impact of proposed projects on groundwater.
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Experiences With The Use Of The Conventional Mined Excavation Method In The Santiago Metro – Chile
The Santiago Metro is the largest rapid transit system in South America with 140 km of routes currently in operation. Most of the metro network was developed using the conventional mined excavation method, which was applied for the construction of running tunnels and stations often under shallow overburden conditions and densely built-up urban areas. This paper presents a brief snapshot of the historical evolution of the conventional mined tunnelling methods used for the Santiago Metro underground works, outlining relevant lessons learned along the way and how these cumulative experiences have enabled a continuous improvement and optimisation of design concepts and construction methodologies used for subsequent projects.
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In situ testing at the National Soft Soil Field Testing Facility, Ballina, New South Wales
The National Soft Soil Field Testing Facility (NFTF) provides a rare opportunity to characterise an Australian soft estuarine clay and to carry out monitored field tests that can be forecast or back-figured using the extensive characterisation data to improve engineering design methods. Several in situ testing campaigns have been performed to characterise the site, to advance full-flow penetrometer technology, to investigate correlations between in situ and laboratory tests and to develop engineering parameters and to assess the variability of the ground. A description of the tools and methods used in the testing campaign is provided in this paper along with a preliminary interpretation from the testing campaigns.
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Direct Validation of Design Parameters of Near-Surface Materials during Construction Phase
This overview paper discusses a number of innovative insitu test techniques that could potentially be incorporated into Quality Assurance / Quality Control (QA / QC) for the assessment of near-surface materials during the construction phase of earthworks projects. The limitations of traditional QA test regimes (density-based assessments) and other tests frequently adopted for field assessment during the construction phase of projects (CBR and DCP) are initially discussed, with a critique of the continued use of index tests for such material evaluations provided. A number of alternative test techniques that are capable of rapid, direct insitu measurement of stiffness and strength parameters is made, presenting the Light Falling Weight Deflectometer (LWD), Borehole Shear Test (BST) and Variable Energy Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (PANDA Probe) as viable alternative assessment methods. The insitu parameters provided by these alternative tests can be used to directly evaluate if design parameters are being met onsite and, based on the authors extensive experience using each tool within recent major Australian construction projects, the advantages of using such innovative tools and developing project-specific thresholds for adoption of these tools within a QA / QC test regime, are discussed. Current limitations preventing the widespread implementation of these alternative test techniques are also identified.