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Application Of Soil Nails In Urban Infrastructure Development
The South East Transit Project Section 2 (SETP2) in Brisbane was recently constructed to provide a dedicated traffic corridor for public buses and emergency services vehicles. The project route, of a length of 2.1 km, traversed densely populated areas which imposed significant constraints to the construction work. One of the many challenges of the project was to carry out excavations within a narrow project corridor. As a result, steep cuts were inevitable. The stability and serviceability of these excavated batters were of paramount importance due to the presence of the existing facilities and properties in the proximity. A cost-effective solution to overcome such problems was to use soil nails to strengthen the ground behind the excavation and minimise disturbance to the surrounding areas. With careful design and construction considerations, soil nails have been extensively used on this project to provide support to steep cut batters. One of the most critical excavations for the project was located south of the Cleveland Railway Line and alongside the existing South East Freeway, a major arterial road in Brisbane. The excavation was up to 20 m deep with near vertical cut faces separated by berms. The soil nails have been successfully installed through the embankment fill and have maintained stability of the excavation and restrained ground movement in the existing freeway.
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Engineering the Mansion’s heritage
A development at 83 Queens Road in Melbourne, Australia, required construction of a three level basement. The normal geotechnical constraints of excavating adjacent to an existing relatively new building were challenging enough for the complicated soils profile occurring at the site. An additional significant challenge faced by the designers was the requirement to excavate underneath the entire footprint of an existing heritage listed building, known locally as “the Mansion”, in the centre of the site. Maintaining the structural integrity of that building was afforded the highest priority during the 10 m excavation. This paper describes geotechnical aspects of the analysis, design and construction of the secant retention system adjacent to the new building and support of the Mansion enabling the 10 m excavation to proceed without causing damage to the structure. The secant wall comprised hard-soft interlocking piles constructed using CFA methods. CFA piles along the length of the Mansion provided short term support with the building load transferred to the piles by large steel beams jacked under the building. Survey results confirmed that movements of the retaining wall and also the load bearing piles were minimal and well within design expectations.
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Performance Assessment Of Cut Off Walls Subject To Tidal Variation
Cut off walls constructed in coastal settings are subject to external tidal variations in water pressure. A method to exploit this tidal variability to check the performance of cut-off wall construction is presented supported by analytical and numerical modelling results. The method described allows progressive assessment of performance of the wall during its construction. The approach is illustrated with reference to two case studies: one for a major building project and the other for an environmental control measure.
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Geology of Melbourne Course 2021 (2nd edition)
Darren Paul, Chris Coulson
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Slope hazard assessment on a coast road in New South Wales, Australia
Lawrence Hargrave Drive was constructed in 1878 and has experienced a continuance of slope failures including rock falls, debris flows and embankment collapses. In 2003 a section of the road was closed for safety reasons. An Alliance between the state government and private industry was formed to develop an engineering solution to reduce the risk to ‘acceptable’ levels. Assessment of slope hazards was completed with the aid of geological mapping, interpretation of aerial photographs, archived government reports, historical photo and newspaper collections and a GIS based landslide inventory. Historical photographs provided important evidence on erosion rates and the size, nature and frequency of landslide events. A landslide process rate model was developed for the site bringing together knowledge and judgments about erosion rates for the differing materials and landforms on the escarpment. Process rate curves were developed for slope units and integrated into a quantitative risk assessment.
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A New Method Of Filtration Design On Rail Track Subballast
Apart from being a protection layer against subgrade attrition, the subballast of ballasted rail tracks is designed mainly to act as a stress dissipation layer or more commonly known as a capping layer. When considered as a filtration layer, subballast would prove to be inadequate due to the use of design criteria that are primarily based on steady seepage loading common in embankment dams. The seepage hydraulics through porous media would have to be influenced by the cyclic mechanical loading generated by the passing trains. Under the influence of cyclic train loading, subballast particles rearrange and attempt to attain a more stable configuration through the process of vertical settlement, lateral spreading, and particle degradation. The deformability of the pore medium itself would then affect the filter condition due to the changes in porosity and its subsequent impact on permeability. This paper presents a new design method that considers the effectiveness of the subballast as granular filter being dependent on the reduction of its porosity and permeability over time. The main factors that are found to contribute to the reduction in porosity within the subballast layer are (a) the plastic deformation generated by the cyclic load from the passing traffic, and (b) the accumulation of migrating fines trapped within the filter voids. Laboratory test results conducted on a novel cyclic loading permeameter apparatus were used to validate the proposed method. Two worked out examples are provided.
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Correlation between PMT and CPT after Dynamic Compaction in Reclaimed Calcareous Sand
Regardless of the reclamation technique that is used, sand reclamations are placed in a loose state, and are potentially subject to settlement under self-weight, insufficient bearing capacity and excessive settlements under loads. Dynamic compaction has proven to be a suitable ground improvement technique for the treatment of reclaimed sands, whether with silica or carbonate mineralogy. The pressuremeter test (PMT) has been systematically used in many dynamic compaction projects, but occasionally other tests such as the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) are used for quality control and verification purposes, and it would advantageous to be able to compare the results of the CPT with previously published projects that have used the PMT. While there are publications that have correlated CPT to PMT, the authors are not aware of any such publications for calcareous sands. In this paper, after a brief review of dynamic compaction, previous PMT and CPT correlations will be presented, and two projects in Qatar and UAE in which reclamation was done by hydraulic filling of calcareous sand will be discussed. The loose fills were improved by dynamic compaction, and CPTs and PMTs were carried out for testing purposes. This study suggests that PMT-CPT correlations derived in the two projects are in the same order, and do not appear to be dependent on depth. A relationship is proposed for estimating the elasticity modulus of improved calcareous sand using CPT cone resistance.
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A laboratory investigation of the upper horizons of the Perth/Guildford Formation in Perth CBD
The inter-bedded layers of sand and clayey soils of the ‘Perth Formation’ (often referred to as the ‘Guildford Formation’) underlying Perth CBD provide significant challenges for geotechnical engineers. Surprisingly, no systematic laboratory investigation of the ‘Perth Formation’ has been published to date and designers use in situ test data almost exclusively to provide parameters for foundation design. To address the shortage of element test data in the public domain, this paper presents the findings of a laboratory investigation supplemented by in situ test data for a typical 9 m thick horizon of the ‘Perth Formation’ at St Georges Terrace in the centre of Perth CBD. The paper provides results from classification tests including electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometer analyses in addition to state-of-the-art triaxial, simple shear and oedometer tests. The in situ test data are compared with these results to provide a basis for comparison at other sites in the Perth area.
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Updating the landslide hazard assessment system within the City of the Gold Coast
The City of Gold Coast has a population of over 520,000 people and an area of 1400 square kilometres. The city has variable geology and geomorphology which includes significant amounts of sloping terrain. The project involved a review, revaluation and update of the city wide unstable soils and slope instability susceptibility zoning system and the detailed assessment of the existing planning scheme relating to the development on sloping sites of a medium or higher susceptibility of slope instability. The zoning was based on geology, landforms, climate and history of the project area using a GIS platform. The project incorporated current best practice guidelines for the assessment of slope instability risk and also included updating city wide susceptibility mapping showing numerous landslips that have occurred or been mapped since the original zoning was undertaken in 1999 by SMEC.
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Satellite Insar Technique For Urban Tunnelling Monitoring: The Crossrail Project Case Study
One of the challenges in urban tunnelling projects is to guarantee that the infrastructure assets crossing or adjacent to the tunnel alignment and other new build elements are not affected by the construction activity.
Radar Satellite Interferometry (InSAR) is a non-invasive surveying technique, which uses a stack of synthetic aperture radar images (SAR) to measure millimetric deformations of terrain structures over wide areas. This technique allows a comprehensive and periodic vision, without any need to access site, with the same accuracy as manual levelling in cities for a fraction of the cost of traditional systems.
Sixense has been using its interferometric processing chain, ATLAS, with the aim of monitoring geotechnical and structural deformations linked to urban construction, specially aimed at tunnelling monitoring, using the experiences in geotechnical and automatic surveying.
ATLAS processing chain was successfully applied to Crossrail I, The Elisabeth Line, in London. In this context InSAR has proved to be a fundamental tool to: (i) present the historical ground/structure behaviour before the start of any construction was presented, (ii) monitor the movements during the construction works covering a huge extension for just a fraction of the cost and resources of what should be expended in order to be done by more traditional approaches, and (iii) keep a monitoring system in place for the long term movement performance of ground and structures, even years after the end of the construction phase.
In this paper, the technique will be briefly detailed and the application case of the monitoring of the different phases of the project will be shown.